大国治理与宪法能力——一个中国近现代宪法发展史的回眸

The Governance of Big Powers and the Constitutional Capability:A Review of the History of the Development of Modern Chinese Constitution

探寻社会转型时期中国需要一个什么样的宪法,是自清末立宪以来学人们念兹在兹的不懈追求。囿于近代中国的宪法承担着包括“救亡图存”,平衡社会差序格局秩序及协调国家转型中“收放权”结构性张力等多重任务,使所谓的西式“限权宪法”疲于应付,无力满足救国图强的迫切需求,这已在清末立宪和全球化进程中后起国家转型的失败中得到印证。因此必须重新思考宪法与国家能力之间的关系,而这种思考在清末康梁立宪派中已崭露头角。从现代国家与宪法的关系来看,国家能力关键在于宪法如何配置国家权力,即宪法“建立统治”的功能性原则之上,而从中国的政治实践来看,新中国的宪法一直都涵盖有功能主义“效能宪法”的本色,这已在国家监察体制改革中明确体现。

Exploring what kind of constitution China needs in the period of social transformation is the unremit⁃ting pursuit of learning from the people since the end of the Qing Dynasty.The constitution of modern China bears multiple tasks including“salvation and saving”,balancing social order and ordering,and coordinating the structural ten⁃sion o“f retracting power”in the country’s transition,making the so-called Western-style“limitation constitution”exhaust⁃ed and unable to meet The urgent need to save the country is confirmed by the failure of the state transformation in the process of constitutionalization and globalization in the late Qing Dynasty.Therefore,it is necessary to rethink the relationship between the constitution and the state’s ability,and this kind of thinking has emerged in the Confucian school of the Qing Dynasty.Judging from the relationship between the modern state and the constitution,the key to the state’s ability lies in how the constitution allocates state power,that is,the functional principle of the constitution“establishing rule”.From the perspective of China’s political practice,the new China’s constitution has always cov⁃ered The true nature of the functionalis“t effective constitution”has been clearly reflected in the reform of the state su⁃pervision system.