对日本处置“钻石公主号”邮轮新冠肺炎疫情的国际法分析

An Analysis of Japan’s Handling COVID-19 aboard Diamond Princess from an International Legal Perspective

日本作为《国际卫生条例》(以下简称《条例》)的缔约国,对"钻石公主号"邮轮疫情防控负有国际法律义务。日本决定对邮轮实施额外卫生措施,违反《条例》规定的决策程序,缺乏充分的科学依据;日本也未根据《条例》充分履行其建设和维持港口核心能力的义务,结果导致邮轮疫情蔓延。鉴于《条例》缺乏有效的制裁机制,为了推动缔约国更好地遵守《条例》,世卫组织应更主动地帮助缔约国加强核心能力建设,及时公开缔约国履约信息,点名批评违规国家;同时,国际多元主体特别是国内公私主体,应当发挥监督和推动作用,促进国际卫生规范内化为国内规范。

Japan has international legal obligations under the International Health Regulation(2005)(IHR) to prevent the spread of COVID-19 aboard the "Diamond Princess" cruise ship. Japan’s decision to implement additional health measures aboard violates IHR’s due procedural rules on decision-making,and lacks sufficient scientific basis. Moreover,Japan has not fully fulfilled its obligations to build and maintain the core capacity requirements for designated ports under the IHR. Due to IHR’s lack of an effective sanction mechanism,in order to promote better compliance with the IHR,the WHO should help the State parties strengthen its core capacity,promptly disclose the compliance information of the States,and name and shame those that have violated the IHR;furthermore,international and domestic actors,public and private,should also play an active role in supervising and promoting the internalization of international health norms into domestic norms.