基于区块链技术的碳交易模式构建

Construction of carbon trading pattern based on blockchain

2011年起,中国9个区域性碳交易试点相继运行,并于2017年底始建全国性碳交易市场。为解决现存碳交易市场信息不透明监管难,运行成本高管理效率低,商业信息机密与环境信息公开的矛盾,国家核证自愿减排项目交易市场不活跃,以及未来区域、国家、国际间碳交易平台的对接,以信息技术结合经济手段,建立区块链碳交易模式,应对气候变化、防止水土流失,实现环境可持续发展目标。基于帕累托最优和利益相关者理论,分析区块链为基础的全国性碳交易体系的业务机理和主要利益相关者,分析区块链的典型信息和智能合约,重点设计碳交易模式的六层区块链核心技术框架和五步骤的实现过程,构建“企业交易+政府监管+第三方审核+金融风险防范”的区块链碳交易模式,并基于场景与智能合约分析提高包括林业碳汇等国家核证自愿减排项目的交易活跃性。该模式适合全国性碳交易体系建设的技术支撑;方便对接金融平台,实现碳交易的巨大经济价值;在水土保持规划与方案中,因地制宜种植碳汇林,适时交易创造碳汇价值,实现生态、经济的双重效益。

[Background]Chinese nine regional carbon emission quota trading markets have been operated since 2011,and Chinese national market was launched at the end of 2017.The existing issues include market information transparency and regulatory difficulty,high operating cost and low management efficiency,the contradiction between confidential business information and environmental information disclosure,the market is inactive especially for forests CCER(Chinese certified emission reduction),and how to achieve financial docking from the regional national and international carbon emission quota trading platform in future.Building blockchain carbon emission quota trading patterns may be conducive to resolving these issues and ultimately in response to climate change,thus which may prevent water loss and soil erosion and achieve the goals of environmental sustainable development.[Methods]Based on the Pareto optimality and stakeholder theory,using information technology in combination with economic means,we analyzed current carbon emission quota trading business process of CCER and CEPA(carbon emission permits allocation),explored its block chain mechanism,major stakeholders,and business scenario,and considered the typical smart contracts,classification information and data interfaces.[Results]1)Six-layer core blockchain framework:data stored in shared ledger of data layer;network layer includes all blockchain nodes;distributed consistency technology and data validation mechanism are used in consensus layer;incentive layer is realized offline;contract layer could solve the automatic calculation,trading,settlement and offset following designed business rules;information application system of all market trading and major stakeholder put in application layer.2)Five-step carbon emission quota trading through blockchain:releasing CEPA and CCER project information;recording,automatic calculating and releasing carbon emission and CCER project audit information;releasing subject matters of the transaction;trading and carbon emission quota trade information disclosure;releasing annual CEPA settlement and CCER project offset.3)In whole process,every involver could get credible information by rules in limited low cost,all information are protected and every stakeholder is treated fairly and efficiently by rules through blockchain and smart contract.Finally the blockchain carbon emission quota trading pattern of"enterprise trade+government supervising+third-party audit+financial risk prevention"is constructed.In addition,the transaction activity of CCER projects including forestry carbon sequestration may be enhanced by analysis based on the scenario and smart contract.[Conclusions]This pattern is suitable for the technical support of national carbon emission quota trading system based on blockchain features,namely decentralization,collective maintenance data,complete transparent information,trading credible and privacy security decentralization,collective maintenance data,complete transparent information,trading credible and privacy security.It facilitates the docking of financial platforms to realize the huge economic value of carbon emission quota trading.In soil and water conservation plan and scheme,carbon sequestration forest should be planted,and carbon sequestration value should be created through timely trading,so as to achieve double benefits of ecology and economy.