汉末魏晋疾疫发生与文学思想转型

The Epidemics and the Transformation of Literary Thoughts in Late Han and Wei and Jin Dynasties

东汉中叶以降,频繁发生的疾疫、战争、水旱灾害使整个社会笼罩着愁苦悲凉的气息,对于文人的心态、观念、思想产生了强烈的冲击。汉末魏晋是一个彷徨忧郁的时代,政治和文化精英们必须直面个体生命的存在与死亡问题,文章不朽以及衍生的“文以气为主”,就成为一个时代的命题,文学由此进入突破儒家反情合志思想控制的自由发展期。战国时期没有完成的哲学的突破有了新的转机,强调自然、本我,要求打破名教束缚的玄学成为魏晋哲学的主题。个体的“人”被彻底解放出来与自然等观,尊情、任情、尽情使得魏晋人放诞、轻狂而又洒脱飘逸。一个充满深情的时代必然产生钟情的文学,“诗缘情”是文学自然的召唤,绮靡的六朝文学风格应时而出。在特定的历史时期,正是不可预知的疾疫所造成的死亡,加速了汉末魏晋社会、思想以及文学的主动变革,推动了文学发展的历史进程,促进了文学思想的转型。

In the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty,frequent epidemics,wars,and flood and drought disasters covered the whole society with a sorrowful and desolate atmosphere,and had a strong impact on the mentality,concepts,and thoughts of the literati.In the late Han and Wei Dynasties,an era of hesitation and depression,the political and cultural elites must face the existence and death of individual life.The immortality of the articles and the literary style derived from them were the proposition of an era.Literature thus entered a period of free development that broke through the control of Confucian anti-affection ideology.There was a new turning point in the philosophical breakthroughs that were not completed during the Warring States period.Emphasizing nature and self,and requiring metaphysics to break the shackles of conventions became the theme of Wei and Jin philosophy.The individual“person”was completely liberated and was regarded equal to nature and the respect,love and enjoyment of affection made the Wei-Jin people carefree,frivolous and elegant.An era full of affection inevitably produced affectionate literature.“Poetry advocating affection”was the natural call of literature,thus the literary style of the six dynasties emerged.In a specific historical period,it was the death caused by the unpredictable epidemic that accelerated the active transformation of society,ideas and literature in the late Han and Wei and Jin Dynasties,promoting the historical process of literary development and the transformation of literary ideas.