从同一到差异——从鲁侯养鸟看人与自然的关系

From the Same to the Different-Reflection on the Relationship between Human and Nature from King Lu Raises Birds

“鲁候养鸟”是《庄子》中的一则寓言故事。在这则故事中,庄子讲到了两种不同的养鸟方式:“以己养养鸟”和“以鸟养养鸟”,并通过这两种不同的养鸟方式建立起人与自然的不同关系模式。“以己养养鸟”所建立起来的是人与自然的同一关系,人们认为自然与自己完全一致,把自己的所喜所好应用于自然万物。在这种关系模式中,人们对于自然所做的一切出于善良意志,但是由于抹杀了人与自然之间的差异性,所以自己的善良行为反而违反了自然的本性,从而导致了对于自然的严重破坏。为了防止造成对自然的破坏,就必须回到“以鸟养养鸟”所构建的人与自然的差异性关系中来,抛弃我的主观好恶,从自然的本性出发,按照自然的本性与自然相处。只有这样,自然才会生机蓬勃,人与自然才能和谐共生。

“King Lu raises birds”is a fable in the Zhuangzi,Zhuangzi mentioned two different ways to raise birds:raise birds as you care for yourself and raise birds as you care for birds.Through these two methods to raise birds,different relation patterns are built up between human and nature.If you raise birds as you care for yourself,you are building up an identical relation with nature.In this case,people believe that nature is completely identical with themselves and try to apply what they like in everything in nature.Though what people do to nature is out of the will of kindness in this relation pattern,their acts of kindness go against the essense of nature since it wipes out the difference between human and nature,and thus results in serious disruptions to nature.In order to prevent the disruptions,we need to follow the differential relation between human and nature built up through raising birds as you care for birds,throw away our likes and dislikes and get along with nature following its essense.Only in this way can nature remains thriving and be in harmony with human.