论春秋时期鲁东南殉人墓的文化因素——兼及东夷与嬴秦文化的关系

On the Tombs of the Human Sacrifices in the Southeastern Shandong in the Spring and Autumn Period:A Research on the Relation of the Dongyi and Qin Cultures

春秋时期鲁东南地区存在着一些东夷古国,如薛国、莒国等,其贵族埋葬制度属于该时期墓葬制度的一个重要组成部分。该阶段墓葬制度中,在属于东夷的莒国、薛国等和地处西方的嬴秦贵族墓葬中皆多次发现殉人墓。特别引人注目的是春秋中晚期莒国、薛国等贵族殉人墓之殉人和甘肃礼县圆顶山嬴秦贵族殉人墓及陕西凤翔秦公一号大墓之殉人方式的相近性。此为莒、薛等东夷古国和嬴秦文化因素相似性的表现形式之一。近年来地下新出土的文字资料记述了秦人的祖先从东方被迁到西部甘肃礼县一带的重要史实,而在陇东南李崖遗址的考古新发现揭示了早期秦文化在陶器等方面与殷文化之间的渊源关系。通过考古发现和历史文献以及地下新出土文字资料记载的相互印证,莒国、薛国等东夷古国和嬴秦贵族墓在殉人方式上之相似性应和二者在族属与文化渊源上之共性相一致,也进一步佐证了嬴秦东来说。

There were some old states of Dongyi(like the Ju and the Xue States)in the Southeastern Shandong area in the Spring and Autumn Period.The burial system of these states constituted an important part of tomb system of that period.The tombs of human sacrifice were found many times in the eastern Ju and Xue States and also in the western Qin State.It is particularly remarkable that the tombs of the great nobles of the Ju and the Xue states in the middle and late stages of the Spring and Autumn Period were similar to those of the senior nobles of the Qin State in Yuandingshan,Lixian County,Gansu Province and the No.1 Tomb of Qingong,Fengxiang County,Shanxi Province,which manifested the similarity between the cultural factors of Dongyi and Qin.In recent years,the newly unearthed texts have revealed some important facts that the Qin people's ancestors had migrated to the Lixian County,Gansu Province,from the east to the west.New archaeological discoveries at the Li Ya site in southeastern Gansu revealed the relationship between the early Qin culture and the Yin culture from pottery and other aspects.The archaeological discoveries,the historical documents and the newly unearthed texts have been mutually confirmed.The similarities between the high-ranking noble tombs of the Dongyi and Qin states in the way of the human sacrifices should be corroborated.Their consistency in the commonality of cultural origin further proves that the Qin had been originated from the east.