文本与形制的共生:北魏司马金龙墓表释证

The External Shape and Internal Meaning of the Epitaphs of Sima Jinlong in the Northern Wei Dynasty

贵为两晋皇族的河内大族司马氏家族,国破北奔,与千里之外河西地区的胡人家族进行联姻,休戚与共,产生极为密切的联系。司马金龙墓铭和墓表文字,显示其家族与河西地区存在着千丝万缕的联系。墓表和墓铭的形制,均为圆首方座,具有“河西圆首碑形墓表”的若干特征。但是,即便河西地区的圆首碑形墓表,也存在一定程度的差异。实际上,汉晋以降,没有螭龙或晕纹的简易圆首石刻,也是一种虽不显著但延续持久的传统。圆首墓表并不为某一族群或某一阶层所特有。魏晋甚或东汉都存在着圆首石刻,东晋南朝同样如此。不仅如此,作为“整体史观”的司马金龙墓葬,呈现出多元面相,特别是多室的墓葬形制与西晋单室墓的趋势背道而驰,与江左葬制也无相似之处,反而与魏晋时期关陇河西的墓葬高度相似,也不乏东汉多室墓的痕迹。“文本性与物质性交错”视野下的司马金龙墓表,折射出北魏平城时代制度文化的丰富来源。

Si Ma Clan,the great clan of Henei prefecture,which was once the imperial family of Western and Eastern Jin Dynasties,had migrated to north China and allied themselves with the noble family of non-Chinese in the Hexi district.The shape of two epitaphs of Sima Jinlong were almost circular,which was a unique regional feture of Hexi circular epitaphs.Eventhough there were some differences in Hexi circular epitaphs.Since the Han and Jin Dynasties,there were some simple and smooth circular-steles,on which no dragons were carved by the craftsman.Its tradition was obviously consistent.The pattern of circular epitaph was not monopolized by some race or upper classes.The pattern was found not only in the Wei-Jin or late Han Dynasties,but also in the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties.Moreover,the tomb of Sima Jinlong was of great significance as a whole.The pattern of multi-room tomb had varied from the pattern of single-room since the Western Jin Dynasties and the pattern of tombs in south China.However,this pattern much resembled the tombs of Guanlong district in the Wei and Jin Dynasties,or the tombs of the late Han Dynasty.In the view of“text-material collaboration,”the epitaphs of Sima Jinlong was a witness to the rich sources of the institutional culture of Pingcheng in the Northern Wei Dynasty.