温故知新:师道建构的历史面向与未来进路

Reviewing Old and Knowing New: Historical Direction and Future Path of Construction of Teacher’s Dao

自汉唐训诂、宋明义理至清代考据,儒者对《论语·为政》"温故而知新"章的阐释,聚焦于何为"故"、何为"新"以及何以"为师",万籁争鸣,歧见迭出。挈其要者,可概括为知识、德行、历史三个维度。正是缘于经典的创述与诠释的衍生,共同构筑"论语学"之"师道观"的学理谱系。对于该章的接受史,学界至今对近现代的梳理尚欠明晰,当代部分付之阙如。通过钩沉现当代治国理政的相关文献,发现"温故知新"乃高频引用热词,更多倾向于历史经验、原则、作风、教训、成就等,体现出儒家典籍与政治实践的时代嵌位,内含深刻的理论、历史和现实逻辑。"温故"即回溯过往,"知新"即开启未来。经典资源与治国理政的内在耦合与良性互动,对于新时代优秀传统文化的创造性转换与创新性发展具有导向价值。

From the exegesis of the Han Dynasty and Tang Dynasty, the argumentations of the Song and Ming Dynasties to the textual research of the Qing Dynasty, Confucians’ interpretation of the chapter of "reviewing the old and knowing the new" in The Analects of Confucius focused on what is "old", what is "new" and how "to be a teacher". The important factors can be summarized as knowledge, virtue and history. It is precisely because of the classic creation and derivation of the interpretation, together to build the "Confucian Dao" academic genealogy of "the Analects of Confucius". For the history of acceptance of this chapter, the academic circles to the modern sorting is not clear, the contemporary part is absent. By tracing the speeches and documents of national leaders from the 1980 s to now, we find that "reviewing the old and knowing the new" are frequently quoted hot words, which is a cultural existence that cannot be underestimated. It reflects the era embedded of Confucian classics and political practice, and contains profound theoretical, historical and practical logic. Leaders tend to use and understand this quotation more in terms of historical experience, principles, style, lessons, achievements, and so on. "Reviewing the old" means staying true to the original intention, recalling the past, and "knowing the new" means keeping the mission in mind and opening the future. The internal coupling and benign interaction between classical resources and governance have guiding value for the creative transformation and innovative development of excellent traditional culture in the new era.