法理的功能及与其他评价标准的异同——清末变法大潮中的法理言说研究之三

The Function of Fali and Its Similarities and Differences with Other Evaluation Criteria:Third Part of the Studies of Fali Speech in the Tide of the Legal Reform in the Late Qing Dynasty

在法理的功能上,清末的学者们分别从建构法学体系、评价法律学说、解释法律概念、探讨立法功过、阐述制度理由、言说人权保障、证成行为正当、作为任职标准、讨论审案得失、补充法律渊源十个方面,论说了法理的意义与作用。在结合法理与其他范畴而对制度、事实、行为进行分析方面,清末学界就法理标准与事实标准的分和合、法理评价与政治评价的同和异、法理与历史现象的常和变、法理尺度与道德尺度的宽和严等进行了详尽的分析,既突出了法理评价的作用,也指出了法理评价的不足。清末学者们的法理言说虽然由于先天的限制而存在种种不足,但仍然是值得我们尊重和挖掘的宝贵传统法律文化。

In terms of the function of Fali, scholars in the late Qing dynasty discussed the meaning and effect of Fali in ten aspects, such as constructing jurisprudential systems, evaluating legal doctrines, interpreting legal concepts, examining legislative merits and demerits, elaborating institutional reasons, guaranteeing human rights, justifying conducts, becoming criteria for tenure, wrangling success and failure of the trial, complementing legal sources. In the analysis of institutions, facts, and behaviors by combining Fali with other categories, the late Qing dynasty academic circles have discussed the similarities and dissimilarities of Fali and factual standards, division and convergence of Fali’s and political evaluation, constancy and variation of legal and historical phenomena, leniency and rigour of Fali’s and moral scales, and so on. These thorough analyses both highlight the role of Fali evaluation and point out the shortcomings of it. Although the Fali speeches of the late Qing dynasty scholars has various deficiencies due to innate limitations, they are still part of the valuable traditional legal cultures which are worthy of our respect and excavation.