北宋白直的制度理路与历史内涵

Institutional Theory and Historical Connotations of the Bai Zhi in the Northern Song Dynasty

白直称谓在北宋中后期大量出现。北宋白直属于在官当直人,主要包括手力、承符、散从官以及当直军士等。由于白直专门配给官员,供身指使,因而形成类若主仆的私属关系。北宋白直虽然也属于官人役力性质,但并非唐代白直的简单制度回归。相较唐代白直,北宋白直不是单一性职役,而是复合性职役;它亦非公廨白直,仅是官人白直,且无专门纳资代役规定,皆是现役。北宋白直出现是稽古行道思想在役制上的表现;作为官人役力,白直在唐宋间延续除了官员待遇和经济利益动因外,更主要的是其政治功能。作为官仪的体现,白直能够提高朝廷、官员地位,进而威服吏民,故实质上它是中国古代官僚等级社会的内在要求。白直制度承绪丰富了对宋代职役范围的理解,也反映出中国古代职官、职吏与职役的秩序格局。

The Bai Zhi appellation appeared in large numbers in the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty.In the Northern Song Dynasty, Bai Zhi belonged to the group of people who served as men in the official posi-tions, which mainly consisted of Shou Li(a minor official working as an errand person), Cheng Fu(a minor offi-cial in the state capital), San Cong Officers and sergeants. Since Bai Zhi is dedicated to giving orders to offi-cials and giving himself to them, this creates a personal relationship like that of a master and servant at work.Compared with the Tang Dynasty, Bai Zhi in the Northern Song Dynasty was not a single service position, but acomposite one;it was not a government agency servant, but only an official service position, and there was nospecial provision for the payment of funds for the service, all of which were current service. The appearance ofBai Zhi in the Northern Song Dynasty is a manifestation of the idea of the old way of life in the system of servi-tude. As the embodiment of the official ceremony, Bai Zhi can enhance the status of the imperial court, offi-cials, and then the authority to subdue the people, so in essence, it is an inherent requirement of the bureau-cratic, hierarchical society in ancient China. Bai Zhi system enriched the understanding of the scope of theSong Dynasty, but also reflected the orderly pattern of ancient Chinese officials, magistrates, and service.