大型厚壁构件窄间隙激光焊接研究现状

Research status of narrow gap laser welding for large thick-wall component

高服役性能装备大型构件具有大壁厚、多结构及高服役环境等特点,在海工装备、国防建设等领域得到了广泛应用,电弧焊是此类结构常用的焊接方法,其焊接效率慢、热输入及变形大等特点限制了其发展前景。目前高能束激光作为热源,被广泛应用于厚壁构件的焊接领域。介绍大功率激光器特点及其在焊接技术方面的发展现状,分析大型厚壁构件制造领域中常用的高功率激光自熔焊、窄间隙激光-MIG电弧复合焊和窄间隙激光填丝焊先进激光焊接技术特点和应用现状。其中,窄间隙激光填丝焊接具有可焊厚度大、适应性强、变形小等优势,被认为是厚壁构件焊接合适的方法之一。在此基础上重点介绍窄间隙激光填丝焊亟待解决的关键技术,并分析全位置窄间隙激光焊接的技术特点,总结和展望了激光焊技术在厚壁构件制造领域的发展前景。

High service performance equipment with lager wall thickness,multi structure and high service environment is widely applied in the field of marine equipment and national defense.Arc welding is a common welding method for these structures, while the characteristics of slow welding efficiency, large heat input and deformation limit its development prospect. At present,high energy beam laser is widely used in welding of thick wall components. The performance feature and development status of high-power laser device were introduced. The current laser welding technologies of high-power laser autogenously welding,laserMIG hybrid welding and narrow gap laser wire feeding welding and their application conditions were analyzed.Among them,narrow gap laser wire feeding welding has the advantages of large weldability thickness,strong adaptability and small deformation,which is considered as one of the suitable welding methods for thick wall components. The key techniques of all-position narrow gap laser wire feeding welding were emphatically introduced. Finally,the develop-ment potential of laser welding on the manufacturing field of lager thick-wall component was summarized and expected.