不同氮肥条件下补充灌溉对冬小麦生长、产量和WUE的影响

Effects of Supplementary Irrigation on Biomass,WUE and Yield of Winter Wheat under Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Conditions

【目的】促进农业用水施肥增效,初步探索出适宜于陕西关中地区干旱年冬小麦高产的合理水肥区间。【方法】设置灌水次数和施氮量2个因素,灌水次数分别为全生育期不灌水(I0)、拔节期灌1次(I1)、抽穗期灌1次(I2)、拔节期和抽穗期各灌1次(I3),拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期各灌1次(I4),施氮量设置为75 kg/hm2(F1)、150 kg/hm2(F2)、300 kg/hm2(F3),研究了冬小麦生长指标、产量和水分利用效率。【结果】①随着灌水量的增加而增加,旱作雨养种植增加了作物对土壤储水量的吸收利用,在收获后腾出了相应的土壤水分库容。土壤水分的消耗量随施氮量的增加而略有增加。②在同一水分处理下,冬小麦地上部干物质量各生育期均呈高肥>中肥>低肥,增施氮肥能够显著增加地上部干物质量,同一氮肥水平处理下,各生育期的干物质量均随灌水量的增加而增加,且补灌拔节水对增加干物质量有着显著正效应。③灌水对产量有着极显著影响,对水分利用效率无显著性影响;施肥对产量无显著影响,与水分利用效率有着极显著的正相关关系。F1I0处理产量最低3728.00 kg/hm2,F3I4处理产量最大5905.90 kg/hm2,高出F1I0处理58.42%。F2I1处理WUE为1.88 kg/m3,产量为5377.1 kg/hm2,比F1I0处理WUE高出48.77%,比F1I0处理产量高出44.24%。【结论】在干旱年条件下,施氮量150 kg/hm2和在拔节期补灌1次(F2I1)为陕西关中地区较为适宜的高效水肥管理措施。

【Background】There was a lack of reasonable irrigation and fertilizer management measures in Guanzhong area of Shaanxi province,which has become a restricting factor to the development of agricultural production in arid areas of China.【Objective】The objective of this experiment was to optimize the schedule of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization in agriculture,carry out the experiment of winter wheat irrigation and fertilization management strategy,conduct a field experiment of different nitrogen fertilizer application rates with different irrigation amounts,measure the growth index of winter wheat,and explore the reasonable irrigation amounts and nitrogen fertilization for high yield of winter wheat in arid years in Guanzhong,Shaanxi.【Method】Setting up two factors including irrigation frequency and nitrogen fertilization,we compared five irrigation frequencies:no irrigation in the whole stages(I0),irrigating at the jointing stage(I1),irrigating at the heading stage(I2),irrigating at the jointing stage and heading stage(I3),irrigating at the filling stage(I4),and three nitrogen fertilization levels were set(F1:75 kg/hm2,F2:150 kg/hm2,F3:300 kg/hm2).【Result】①There was a significant positive correlation between irrigation and crop water consumption on winter wheat ET,and with the increase of irrigation volume,dry rain-fed cultivation enhanced the absorption and utilization of soil water storage,and vacated corresponding soil water storage capacity after harvest.There was a positive effect between soil water requirement and nitrogen fertilization,but was not significant,which slightly increased with nitrogen application.②Under the same irrigation frequency,the aboveground dry matter quality of winter wheat showed the same regularity:high nitrogen fertilization>middle nitrogen fertilization>low nitrogen fertilization.Increasing nitrogen fertilization can significantly increase the dry matter weight of the crop.Under the same nitrogen fertilization,dry matter increased with irrigation volume,and there was a significant positive effect in dry matter by irrigating winter wheat in jointing stage.③There was a significant effect between irrigation and yield,also a positive correlation between irrigation and WUE,although the impact on WUE was not significant.The influence of fertilization on yield was not significant,but there was a positive correlation,which had an extremely positive correlation on WUE.The minimum yield was 3728.00 kg/hm2 of F1I0 treatment,and the maximum yield was 5905.90 kg/hm2 of F3I4 treatment,which was 58.42%higher than that of F1I0 treatment.The WUE of F2I1 treatment was 1.88 kg/m3,and the yield was 5377.1 kg/hm2,which was 48.77%higher than WUE of F1I0 treatment and 44.24%higher than yield of F1I0 treatment.【Conclusion】Under the arid year,nitrogen application of 150 kg/hm2 and supplementary irrigation once at jointing stage(F2I1)were relatively more appropriate and effective irrigation and fertilization management measures in Guanzhong area of Shaanxi province.