中国制造业国际竞争力脆弱性的新测度与解读——基于企业微观数据的深层次透视

New Measurement and Interpretation of the Vulnerability ofChinese Manufacturing International Competitiveness:In-depth Perspective Based on Firm Level Micro-data

全球经贸格局的加速动荡必然会导致中国制造业国际竞争力的稳定性遭到破坏,继而呈现脆弱性的风险状态。那么,中国制造业尤其是民族企业的国际竞争力是否足够强大?脆弱性又主要体现在哪个环节?其原因何在?文章在“产业国家”和“民族企业”二维评价体系的基础上,根据不同企业参与国际分工时竞争力的“实质-表现-结果”三个层次,构建了中国制造业国际竞争力脆弱性的“二维度-三层次”测度体系,并以2000−2013年84482家中国制造业企业的数据加以量化分析,对上述问题进行解答。研究表明:(1)中国制造业国际竞争力的脆弱性体现在高技术产业竞争力的实质和表现层次,而中低技术产业竞争力表现层次的脆弱性逐渐得到缓解,并且在竞争力的实质和结果上呈现出稳固状态。(2)在高技术制造业,国内行业上游度水平的提升和国外跨国公司对研发环节控制力的增强是竞争力在实质和表现层次出现脆弱性的原因,行业上游度的提升也会让民族企业的竞争力在结果层次上存在潜在风险。(3)在中低技术制造业,国外跨国公司在营销环节的控制力和全球资源整合能力上的优势,是竞争力表现层次脆弱性的原因,而行业上游度水平巩固了民族企业竞争力实质层次上的优势,但会削弱其结果层次上的优势。

Under the influence of trade disputes between China and the US and the spread of COVID-19 epidemic,the turmoil in the global economy will inevitably shake the stability of the international competitivenessof Chinese manufacturing industry. Especially when firms’ boundaries have spanned national boundariesand become the core subject of measuring a country’s industrial international competitiveness,the stabilityof the competitiveness of indigeous firms will directly determine the resilience of the Chinese manufacturingindustry shocked by the epidemic.Based on the above,this paper focuses on the comparative advantages of the “industrial country” dimensionand the core assets of the “indigenous firm” dimension,and defines the international competitiveness vulnerabilityof Chinese manufacturing industry as that the international competitiveness of foreign invested firmsis statistically significantly higher than that of indigenous firms. Clarifying the transmission mechanism of industrialinternational competitiveness based on firms,this paper innovatively constructs the “double-dimensionand three-level” evaluation system on international competitiveness vulnerability,with 84,482 Chinesemanufacturing firms from 2000 to 2013 as the sample,to locate the fragile links and analyze the causes.The findings indicate that the international competitiveness vulnerability of Chinese manufacturing industrymainly exists in the competitiveness essence and performance level of high-tech industry,while the vulnerabilityin the competitiveness performance level of medium- and low-tech industry is gradually alleviated,and also in a stable state in the essence and result level. In the high-tech industry,the improvement of Chineseindustry upstreamness and the enhancement of foreign MNCs’ control on R&D are the reasons for the vulnerabilityof the competitiveness essence and performance. The increase in industry upstreamness will also makeindigenous firms face potential risks in competitiveness result. In medium- and low-tech industry,foreignMNCs’ advantages in marketing and global resource integration are the reasons for the vulnerability of competitivenessperformance. The industry upstreamness consolidates the advantage of indigenous firms’ competitivenessessence,but also weakens the advantage of competitiveness result.The academic value of this paper is mainly reflected in three aspects. Firstly,it enriches the theoreticalconnotation of industrial international competitiveness research,tests the practice of international trade theoryevolution in China,and deeply analyzes the composition of industrial international competitiveness from theinternal structure. Secondly,it assesses the international competitiveness based on the perspective of value-addedand a large number of firm data. Thirdly,it locates the links and digs the causes of competitiveness vulnerabilities,helping to discover the shortcomings of Chinese manufacturing industry and accordingly formulatestrategies to enhance international competitiveness.