普通话儿童腭裂术后基础元音发音缺陷的类型

Types of Vowel Pronunciation Defects of Post-Surgery Cleft Palate Children in Putonghua

基于实证的新描写主义的实验方法,从听感、声学及生理(鼻化度)三个方面的实验和细致描写得出普通话腭裂术后儿童的基础元音发音偏误类型:(1)鼻音化;(2)替换;(3)添加音素;(4)唇形有问题;(5)舌位有问题。这些偏误都与腭裂儿童的生理缺陷有关。如/i/元音鼻化度较高,与生理机制和腭咽闭合不全都有关系,/i/元音可以作为检测腭裂儿童鼻音异常及腭咽闭合是否完全的敏感音素,/a/元音一般不作为检测的敏感元音。此外,腭裂儿童所发的前元音不够前,后元音不够后,与其舌头习惯性后缩有关。病理语音研究者及言语康复治疗师了解腭裂儿童的哪种类型的语音缺陷与哪种生理缺陷相关非常重要,可以有针对性地制定语音康复治疗策略。在对腭裂语音评估时,主客观的结合涉及到听感、声学及生理实验,实验表明三者有对应关系但并非一一对应。听感实验结果只是重要参考,在发音方面声学实验更精准,在鼻化方面,鼻化度参数更准确。文章运用的研究方法和具体实践推进了病理语言学的发展,为腭裂语音矫治和康复提供了理论依据。

On the basis of detailed description of the results of experiments focusing on perception,acoustics and nasalization,this paper classifies into five types the vowel pronunciation defects in post-surgery children with cleft palate in Putonghua:(1)nasalization;(2)replacement;(3)epenthesis;(4)errors in lip shape,and(5)errors in tongue position.These errors are related to the physiological defects of children with cleft palate.For example,the vowel/i/has a high degree of nasalization,which is related to physiological mechanism and velopharyngeal insufficiency.The vowel/i/can be used as a sensitive index to detect the abnormal nasal sound and the complete velopharyngeal closure in children with cleft palate.However,the vowel/a/is not generally used for these purposes.In addition,cleft palate children s anterior vowels are not front enough,whereas their posterior vowels are not back enough.These atypical pronounciations are related to the tongue s habitual backward contraction.It is very important for pathophonetic researchers and speech therapists to know which kind of speech impairment is related to which kind of physiological impairment in children with cleft palate,so they can develop strategies of speech rehabilitation treatment.The results of auditory experiments show that while the acoustic experiments are more accurate in production studies,the nasalization parameter is more accurate in nasalization studies.The research methods and practice in this paper promote the development of pathological linguistics and provide a theoretical basis for speech correction and rehabilitation of children with cleft palate.