明治时代日本世界史教育中的亚洲观

Asian Perspectives in Japanese World History Education during the Meiji Period

近代日本的亚洲观不仅受知识分子、政要、元老、军人等精英影响,而且与民众对亚洲的历史认识密不可分,世界史教育在其中发挥了关键作用。明治时代奠基的世界史教育先是在普遍型万国史和文明型万国史阶段给亚洲贴上了"专制—停滞""野蛮—半开化"等标签,与福泽谕吉的"脱亚入欧"主张形成呼应;又在三科分立时代强化日本在东洋历史中的文明性和领导作用。它虽然打破了传统汉学阶段局限于华夷之辩的世界认识,并用启蒙主义和实证主义对亚洲进行了细致、深入研究,但其以日本为本位并形成的"劣亚"—"入亚"—"征亚"意识,不仅影响了学术的进步,也与皇国史观一并对发动侵略战争起到推动作用,其负面意义不可小觑。

Modern Japanese views on Asia were not only influenced by intellectuals,dignitaries,senior statesman,soldiers and other elites,but also inseparable from the public’s understanding of Asian history.World history education played a key role in this process.The world history education in the Meiji era first labeled Asia with"authoritarianism-stagnation"and"barbarism-semi civilization"in nations history of universal type and civilized type,intensified the Departing from Asia from Europe of Fukuzawa Yukichi;and in the era of the separation of the three disciplines,it strengthens Japan’s civilization and leadership in the history of the East.It broke the understanding of traditional Sinology which was confined to the Huayi debate and carried out studies detailed and in-depth on Asia with enlightenment and positivism.However,the Japan-center views formed"Despising Asia—Turning into Asia—Conquering Asia"consciousness not only affecting academic progress,but also playing a role in promoting the war of aggression in conjunction with the imperial state historical view.