旅游安全评价:研究现状与述评

A Literature Review and Current Research Status on Tourism Safety Evaluation

旅游安全评价是旅游安全管理的基础和重要环节,旅游安全评价研究已成为旅游安全研究的重要领域。文章以近20余年国内外旅游安全评价研究文献为基础,阐述了旅游安全评价的研究缘起,尝试厘清旅游安全的概念并阐述了旅游安全评价的研究基础,从旅游要素的安全评价、旅游安全评价的影响因素和作用与意义等方面综述了旅游安全评价的研究内容,梳理了旅游安全评价研究应用的主要理论与方法,并对旅游安全评价研究进行总体评述和进一步研究做出了展望。

Tourism safety evaluation is the foundation and prerequisite of tourism safety management,tourism safety evaluation studies being important elements of the tourism safety studies. Tourism safety evaluation starts from engineering and systems safety assessment studies, and gradually deepens to other aspects, which have achieved many research results in the risk system evaluation of tourism destinations, tourism ecological security evaluation, tourism attractions safety evaluation, and tourism resources safety evaluation. Systematically carding tourism safety evaluation studies, understanding the current status and context of these studies, and examining research theory and methods of tourism safety evaluation studies are of great theoretical significance and practical value for in-depth exploration and research on tourism safety evaluation, also valuable for the improvement and extension of tourism security systems.By studying the papers of tourism safety evaluation in recent 20 years, this paper found that tourism safety evaluation showed three distinct phases: the exploratory research phase, in-depth research phase,divergent research phase. After 20 years of exploration, a lot of theoretical results came out, mainly including five aspects: concepts, objectives, contents, procedures and effects of tourism safety evaluation. The contents, in particular, were studied from different perspectives. For example, tourism destination, tourism ecology, tourism attractions and other safety evaluations were studied from the regional perspective;the overall operation safety evaluation of tourism industry, tourism resources,tourism transportation, tourism products, tourism facilities, tourism routes and other elements were studied from the perspective of the operation of the tourism industry;and the tourism safety risk cognitive dimension, influence factors, different situations and different stakeholders of tourism safety cognitive evaluation were studied from the cognitive perspective.Due to the extensive content of tourism safety evaluation research, other scholars have studied tourism safety evaluation with theories and methods from various disciplines backgrounds, such as security, management science, ecology, economics and psychology. The basic theories and models mainly used by the scholars are: Systematic theory, risk assessment theory, theory of disaster risk, risk assessment model of accident causation theory, P-S-R, and so on. Many quantitative evaluation methods are used such as fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and grey correlation analysis, artificial neural network analysis, regression analysis, and extension element evaluation method and so on.Studies on tourism safety evaluation represent an important area of tourism security research.Scholars have reached consensus regarding the following: the tourism safety risk evaluation is the basis and premise for risk warning and management;tourism safety evaluation index system is the core and key element of tourism safety evaluation studies;tourism safety cognitive evaluation results are significantly affected by individual factors;tourism safety evaluation requires both security theoretical support, but also inseparable from the security management experience and technical knowledge in the field of security production. Current studies also have the following characteristics: they have solid theoretical foundations, but object particularity should be highlighted;they are rich in content, but system integrity should be reviewed;reasonable evaluation procedures exist, but methods should be tested for matching;evaluation results are consistent, but countermeasures are not sufficiently targeted.In view of the above, this paper puts forward some suggestions for future research: the need to build a tourism safety evaluation standard system which accords with China’s national conditions, and highlights characteristics of tourism industry, and the clarification of the subject, object, and medium of tourism safety evaluation, to form a complete content of theoretical tourism safety evaluation system;spatial-temporal factors should be considered, periodic safety assessments need to be further analyzed;tourism safety evaluation method should not excessively pursue complexity or novelty, selecting options suitable to solve the problem.