秦早期“西盐”与陇蜀易盐历程之消长

"Western Salt"in the Early Qin and the Growth and Decline About the Course of Salt Trading in Gansu and Sichuan

西汉水上游盐官营盐,自周秦至民国存续两千余年,称为"西盐"。秦汉时官营规模已大,私营情况不得而知,但肯定存在着公、私易盐并存的局面。魏晋南北朝至隋唐,除战乱等非正常情况外,营盐状况基本上相差无几。宋时因为宋夏、宋金国势变化,陇蜀成为重要一线,盐官盐井产量和规模剧增,一度出现陇盐入蜀的情况,考古证明民间陇蜀易盐还关涉南北丝绸之路。总体看,陇蜀易盐经历了朝廷征收到间接专卖到民间经营占主体的历程。西汉水上游的盐官镇作为陇蜀毗连地域重要的营盐和易盐中心,其历史地位和社会意义应予重估。

Management of salt in Yanguan in the upper reaches of the Xihan River has been known as“Western Salt”for more than two thousand years since the Zhou and Qin dynasties and the Republic of China.In Qin and Han dynasties,the scale of official business was large and the situation of private business was unknown,but there must have been a situation in which public and private salt exchange co-existed.From the Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern dynasties to the Sui and Tang dynasties,except for the abnormal situation of war and chaos,the situation of salt business was basically the same.In the Song Dynasty,because of the changes of the state situation in Song and Xia,Song and Jin,Gansu and Sichuan became an important front line.Yanguan salt well was famous all over the country,with a sharp increase of production and scale.At one time,there was a situation where salt was carried to Sichuan from Gansu.Archaeological findings prove that the folk salt of Gansu and Sichuan is also related to the North-South Silk Road.On the whole,the salt industry in Gansu and Sichuan experienced a process of transition from imperial collection to indirect monopoly and then the mainstream of private operation.The town of Yanguan in the upper reaches of the Xihan River has become an important salt business and salt exchange center in the contiguous region of Gansu and Sichuan,and its historical status and social significance should be re-evaluated.