有功儒教:文昌经籍在越南的流传

Being Conducive to the Education of Confucianism:the Spread of Classics Wenchang Worship in Vietnam

文昌帝君是道教中掌管功名利禄的神祇,自宋代以来就受到中国民众的普遍奉祀。托名文昌帝君降笔和讲述文昌帝君身世的文昌经籍,也随着文昌帝君信仰的流行而逐渐流传开来。其影响不仅在中国,而且远播海外,越南便是文昌经籍流传的重要地区。本文通过对越南现存文昌经籍的分类研究,发现古代越南不仅重新刊印了大量中国文昌经籍,而且还将一些经籍翻译成喃文在普通民众中传播。同时,越南士人还通过扶乩的方式,制作了一批托名文帝降笔的劝诫文。文昌经籍在越南流传的原因则很大程度上在于古代越南士人多受儒家文化熏陶,他们认为文昌帝君的教谕与儒家“仁义礼智信”的道德规范一致,有助于辅助儒学的教化。

Wenchang Dijun worship is a Taoism deity in Chinese mythology who takes charge of fame and fortune and has been widely worshiped by the common people in China since the Song Dynasty.Jiangbi(a type of divination)in the name of Wenchang Dijun as well as the Wenchang classics elling the origins of Wenchang Dijun also gradually spread with the popularity of belief in Wenchang Dijun.Its influence extended beyond China to overseas.Ancient Vietnam was an important area where Wenchang classics were spread.Through the classification study of the existing Wenchang classics in Vietnam,this paper finds that ancient Vietnam not only reprinted a sheer number of Wenchang classics from China,but also translated some into Sino-Vietnamese characters to circulate among ordinary people.Besides,the Vietnamese scholars also produced a series of exhortations for Jiangbi in the name of Wenchang Djun by ways of planchette writing.The reason why Wenchang Classics spread in Vietnam is largely because ancient Vietnamese scholars were influenced by Confucian culture.They believed that the teachings of Wenchang Dijun were consistent with the Confucian moral norms of"benevolence,righteousness,propriety,wisdom,and fidelt'",hence conducive to the education of Confucianism.