自由劳动与中国当代休闲形态

Free Labor and Contemporary Leisure Forms in China

微观休闲意识萌芽于目标意向停止所导致的无意向松弛状态,但只有置于必要劳动盈余的自由时间关系中,休闲才成为普遍必然与稳定持续的行为。据此而有休闲形态学研究:它包含服务于必要劳动恢复机制的休息与将自由时间凝聚为新生活方式的自由劳动,相应区分为消极休闲与积极休闲。休闲起源于必要劳动而指向自由劳动。自由时间做什么,是人类自由意识的开端,由此揭示出人类劳动与生活方式演变机制的自由时间根源;自由时间的行为状态则深刻体现着人的生活品质。当代中国休闲主流是消极休闲,高速经济与人工智能解放出巨量自由时间,但旅游、养生与广场舞无法将之凝聚为独立的生存方式。不由自主看手机的普遍行为显示出大多数人自由时间的碎片化、无序化与被动化。区别于消极休闲孵化的享乐人生观,马克思的积极休闲观并非倡导不劳动的享乐消费,而是不再屈从于强制性分工的自由劳动,它指向作为自由时间与休闲本体目的的人的全面发展;它不同于缺少社会历史基础的心境调适休闲,而是现实的对象化活动,并且促进主体个性化施展与主体间性交往。中国已经出现的陶吧等手工制作、城市居民租地种植、微信交流群的公共交往平台、周末学术沙龙讲习所等,代表着积极休闲的自由劳动萌芽。

In a microscopic view,leisure consciousness occurs when the mind is in a state of unintentional relaxation.Leisure can become a universally inevitable structural activity when it is put in a relationship with free time allocated from the surplus of necessary labor time.The contemporary mainstream of Chinese leisure form is negative leisure.High-speed economy and artificial intelligence liberate a huge amount of free time.However,travelling,health care and square dance can not be regulated into an active way of life.Different from the negative leisure concept,Marx holds an active leisure concept.In his view,leisure is not entertainment without labor,but is free labor that no longer succumbs to mandatory divisions.