从劳动到生产:马克思的生命政治学批判

From Labor to Production:Marx’s Critique of Bio-Politics

马克思的政治经济学批判蕴含着生命政治学批判的诞生,主要体现于宗教批判的"神学治理"维度和政治经济学批判的"人口治理"维度,尽管马克思的生命政治学批判与其政治经济学批判有着较大的区别:前者以"生命权力的逻辑"为批判对象,而后者的批判对象则是"资本权力的逻辑"。如果说福柯的生命政治学批判以"权力"为中心,那么"权力的形成"则是马克思生命政治学批判的核心。在此意义上,"权力、资本和生产"构成了马克思权力谱系学的三个基本要素。其中,权力和资本构成了资本主义的资本权力逻辑;而权力和生产则构成了资本主义的生命权力逻辑。据此,在福柯与马克思理论传承关系的意义上,马克思是生命政治学批判的奠基人。对马克思政治经济学批判与生命政治学批判的内在关联进行考察,不仅有助于恢复马克思批判理论在当代生命政治学谱系中的历史地位,而且在构建当代马克思主义理论生长点方面也有着非常重要的理论价值。

Marx’s critique of political economy contains the birth of critique of bio-politics,which is mainly reflected in the"theological governance"dimension of religious criticism and the"population governance"dimension of the political economy.Although Marx’s critique of bio-politics is very different from the criticism of political economy:the former criticizes"the logic of bio-power",while the latter criticizes"the logic of capital power".If Foucault’s critique of bio-politics centers on"power",then"the formation of power"is the core of Marx’s critique of bio-politics.In this sense,"power,capital and production"constitute the three basic elements of Marx’s power genealogy.Among them,power and capital constitute the capital power logic of capitalism,while power and production constitute the bio-power logic of capitalism.Therefore,in the sense of the relationship between Foucault and Marx,Marx is the founder of the critique of bio-politics.To investigate the internal relationship between Marx’s critique of political economy and Marx’s critique of bio-politics is not only helpful to restore the historical position of Marx’s critical theory in the genealogy of contemporary bio-politics,but also has a very important theoretical value in constructing the growth point of contemporary Marxist theory.