乡土情结与都市依恋:论晚明以降的中国城乡观

Rural Complex and Urban Attachment: On Urban-Rural Perceptions in China since Late Ming Period

传统时代的中国为农业社会,其文明的根基与认同也被视为乡土性的。然而晚明以降,农业社会中的城市色彩日益浓重。从地方经济到社会风俗,从个人谋生方式到家族生存策略,从精英思想到大众心态,城市的影响无所不在。城市的商业活力与资源优势吸引着人们离开乡村,城乡流动与社会流动日益契合。乡土情结并不必然阻碍城市认同,而城市生活却能深刻改造传统的宗族结构与宗法关系。至晚清,城市与乡村渐行渐远。这看似近代化冲击下的社会转型,却也是晚明以降“乡土情结”与“都市依恋”之间长期角力的结果。

Being an agricultural society,traditional China was normally labeled "rural"in either the social-economic or cultural-mental aspects. However,the blossom of urban development since late Ming period has also been widely acknowledged. From local economy to social customs,from personal ideal to family strategies,from elite thoughts to popular opinion,the influence of urbanization manifested everywhere. The interactions between rural complex and urban attachment therefore deserve subtle investigation. Opportunities and resources allured people to leave the countryside,and the urban-rural mobility became an index of social mobility. Rural complex did not necessarily hinder the development of urban identity,while the urban life could deeply reform the traditional social structure. In the late Qing period,cities and villages became more and more alienated. It was not merely resulted from the impact of modernization,but also a natural ending of the urban-rural interaction since the late Ming period.