论霍布斯《利维坦》对现代政治秩序的理论构建及其缺陷

On Hobbes’ Leviathan’s Theoretical Construction of Modern Political Order and Its Defects

当代霍布斯研究中存在共和主义、自由主义以及专制主义之间的诸多争论,这些争论大多着力于霍布斯国家理论中的某一因素。霍布斯对现代政治秩序的理论构建的逻辑起点和最终落脚点都是个人自由,《利维坦》最终要实现的,是具备政治秩序之下的个人自由,摆脱战争带来的政治混乱和无序,确立保护与服从的政治秩序。分析《利维坦》对现代政治秩序的构建逻辑,可以很好地看到霍布斯是如何通过主权的绝对性来为现代个人自由奠基。区别于以政体为核心的古典政治学说,霍布斯以国家作为其政治学说的核心既是划时代的理论贡献,也存在着理论缺陷。

There are many disputes between republicanism, liberalism and authoritarianism in contemporary Hobbes research. Most of these debates focus on a specific factor of Hobbes’ modern state theory. Both of the Hobbes’ logical starting point and final destination for the theoretical construction of modern political order are individual liberty. What Leviathan ultimately wants to achieve is to have individual liberty under the political order, to get rid of the political chaos and disorder caused by war, and to establish a political order of protection and obedience. Analyzing the logic of the construction of modern political order in Leviathan, we can see how Hobbes laid the foundation for modern individual liberty through the absoluteness of sovereignty. Unlike the classical political doctrine which considers regime as the core, Hobbes thinks of state as the core of its political theory, which is an epoch-making theoretical contribution. Nevertheless, it is also flawed.