铜镜修复解析与思考

Analysis and Thinking on Bronze Mirror Restoration

中国古代铜镜始见于齐家文化时期,明清时随着玻璃镜的出现而衰落,历经将近四千年的时间,是使用时间最长,使用范围最广的古代铜器种类之一。中国古代铜镜多为圆形具钮镜,材质主要为铜锡、铜锡铅和铜铅合金,且含锡量较高。宋以后,铜镜的含锡量下降,铅与锌含量上升。铜镜镜面光滑度较高,修复时要求的碎片对接平整度和准确度很高,缝隙遮盖难度很大。本文总结了中国铜镜的材质和型制特点,损坏的原因、特点和修复的难点。从力学分析的角度说明了铜镜修复工艺的选择,并对铜镜修复的理念和注意事项进行了阐述。铜镜修复方案的确定不仅要根据镜体的型制、镜面的锈蚀状况和镜背纹饰综合考虑,还应掌握铜镜的考古发掘信息,坚持最小干预的原则。

From its first appearance in the Qijia culture and to the decline in the Ming and Qing dynasties due to the rise of glass mirror,ancient bronze mirror in China was in use for nearly 4,000 years and is one of the most widely used ancient bronze objects.Ancient Chinese bronze mirrors are mostly round in shape with a knob.The metal composition is usually copper-tin,copper-tin-lead or copper-lead,featuring high tin content.The Song dynasty began to see lower tin content and higher lead and zinc content.Because of the smooth surface of bronze mirrors,in restoration,leveling and precise placement of fragments is essentially important.This paper summarizes the materials,shapes and characteristics of bronze mirrors in China,the causes and features of damage and difficulties in restoration.From the perspective of mechanical analysis,the choice of restoration technology is explained.The outlining of bronze mirror restoration plan should be based on the shape,corrosion conditions,decorations on the back,the mastery of archaeological information of the mirror itself and the principle of minimal intervention.