福建花生氮磷钾推荐施肥与有机肥替代化肥潜力研究

Recommended NPK and Organic Fertilizer Applications for Peanut Farming in Fujian

【目的】为提高花生施肥效益,实现减量增效的目标,在花生氮磷钾施肥限量标准研究基础上,探讨有机肥替代化肥的最佳施肥模式。【方法】根据近年来在福建花生主产区开展的105个田间肥效试验结果,应用系统聚类分析结合类别间差异显著性检验技术,确定花生最佳施肥类别数;构建各施肥类别的三元非结构肥效模型,确定推荐施肥量,并开展田间试验验证和有机肥替代化肥潜力的研究。【结果】在各施肥类别间的氮磷钾施肥效应具有显著水平差异条件下,福建花生可划分为高产田、中产田、中低产田和低产田等4个施肥类别;高产田的花生施肥效应远高于其他类型田块,中产田及以下的耕地类型应进行土壤改良培肥,才能充分发挥施肥增产潜力。针对各耕地施肥类别对应的氮磷钾田间肥效试验结果构建的4个三元非结构肥效模型均属于典型式,由此建立了基于农学效应的花生氮磷钾推荐施肥量。34个大田对比试验表明,化肥推荐施肥的花生产量平均比习惯施肥增产10.2%,肥料成本下降63元·hm^-2,净增收2877元·hm^-2;平均氮、磷减肥幅度分别为24.9%、38.1%,但增加钾肥用量79.3%。有机肥替代25%化肥处理的产量最高,平均比化肥推荐施肥增产10.6%,净增收1595元·hm^-2。【结论】在推荐施肥基础上,有机肥替代25%化肥是花生减肥增效最佳施肥模式。

【Objective】Derived from fertilization models,utilization of organic fertilizers to partially replace NPK for peanut farming in Fujian was investigated.【Method】In the major peanut producing areas in Fujian,105 field experiments were conducted in recent years to examine the response of peanut plants to NPK fertilization.Applying the systematic cluster analysis combined with significant test of difference,various fertilization categories for the planting fields were established.A ternary non-structural fertilizer response model was constructed to arrive at recommend fertilizations for each category.Based on the models,field experiments were carried out to test replacement of NPK with an organic fertilizer.【Result】According to the significant differences on effectiveness of NPK fertilizations,4 categories of peanut fields were generated as(1)high yield paddy,(2)medium yield paddy,(3)medium-to-low yield field,and(4)low yield field.To maximize the fertilization effect and peanut yield for the fields,4 optimized models were formulated to obtain the recommended NPK applications.In 34 controlled field experiments,on average,a 10.2% yield increase over the conventional practice was realized by following the recommendation of the models.Meanwhile,although the usage of N decreased 24.9% and of P 38.1%,that of K increased 79.3%.Financially,the cost on fertilizer was reduced to 63 yuan·hm^-2 and the net revenue increased to 2877 yuan·hm^-2.Furthermore,by replacing 25% of NPK with a commercial organic fertilizer resulted in the highest peanut yield among all treatments.The substitution increased peanut yield by 10.6% and revenue by 1595 yuan·hm^-2 over the recommended NPK application.【Conclusion】It appeared that a 25% replacement of NPK with the organic fertilizer based on the recommended fertilization could be most profitable for the peanut farming in Fujian.