生态环境损害公私法二元救济的规则安排

Rules Placement of Dual Relief of Public-Private Law for Ecological Environment Damage

生态环境损害是指环境污染或生态破坏造成的环境要素及其组成系统自身的非经济性损害。传统观点认为,民法是私法,不适宜安放具有公益性质的生态环境损害救济法律规范;环境法是公共利益本位法,具有维护环境生态价值的基本目的和功能,应当系统供给生态环境损害的救济规范。生态环境损害涉及的法律关系主体复杂、法律利益要素多元、调控法律制度类型多样,需要民法和环境法在对话、沟通与互动基础之上形成协同性的公私二元规制格局。《民法典侵权责任编》第一千二百三十四条和一千二百三十五条规定了生态环境损害的民事修复责任和赔偿责任,突破了私法仅救济私益性损害的传统观念,形成了"公法性质,私法操作"的生态环境损害救济新机制。《环境保护法》及其单行法应当在修复责任和赔偿责任之外,通过规则设置衔接民事责任和行政责任中的修复责任、衔接民事赔偿和行政罚款、适时增设环境权及其救济规范等。

Ecological environmental damage refers to the non-economic damage of environmental elements and their constituent systems caused by environmental pollution or ecological damage.The traditional view is that civil law is private law and is not suitable for setting legal norms of ecological environment damage relief with public welfare nature.Environmental law is a public interestbased law,which has the basic purpose and function of maintaining the ecological value of the environment.It should systematically provide relief norms for ecological environmental damage.The main body of legal relations involved in ecological environmental damage is complex,the elements of legal interests are diverse,and the types of regulatory legal systems are diverse.It is necessary for civil law and environmental law to form a coordinated public-private dual regulatory pattern based on dialogue,communication and interaction.Articles 1234 and 1235 of the Tort Liability Book of the Civil Code stipulate the civil liability and compensation liability for ecological damage,breaking through the traditional concept that private law only relieves private damage and forming a new mechanism of ecological damage relief that is“public law in nature and operated by private law”.The“Environmental Protection Law”and its separate laws should,in addition to the liability for restoration and compensation,set up rules to link the civil liability with the liability for restoration in administrative liability,link the relationship between civil compensation and administrative fines,and add environmental rights and relief norms in due course.