防卫过当判断中“行为限度单独标准”的证成——基于刑法与刑事诉讼法的交叉论证

Constructing the Standard of Excessive Defense by Defensive Behavior—— cross-argument based on Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure Law

长久以来,防卫过当判断的"唯结果论"饱受批判。但是,无论是"双重标准论"还是"一体说"都存在固有的不足,尤其是保留结果判断要素,在社会关注热度消散之后,有倒退到"唯结果论"的风险。只有将防卫过当的认定彻底从结果判断中解脱出来,构建"行为限度单独标准"才是解封正当防卫逐步沦为僵尸条款的关键所在。而在"行为限度单独标准"的具体把握上,可以通过实体法上的比例原则,设置一般正当防卫中必要限度的实质标准;通过程序法上"存疑有利于被告人原则",解析侵害的事实类型,激活特殊正当防卫条款的解释空间。通过实体法和程序法的双重保障,能够最合理地、持久地维持住正当防卫作为公民法益守卫人的角色。

Judging excessive defense by the result has been criticized.However,as the alternative methods,either double standards theory or integral theory has inherent defects.Constructing the standard of excessive defense by defensive behavior is the feasible solution.Specifically,setting the judgment rules through the principle of proportionality in criminal law,and in dubio pro reo in criminal procedural law.