马建忠与近代早期朝鲜地缘政治争端

Ma Jianzhong and North Korean Geopolitical Dispute in Early Modern Period

19世纪70—80年代,中国边疆危机日益严重,特别是在日本呑并琉球后,传统中华世界秩序原理已无法维持中朝之间的“宗藩关系”,以中国为绝对中心的东北亚原有权力格局也陷入了彻底崩溃的边缘。晚清政府试图通过积极介入朝鲜内政外交事务加强东部的战略防御,以期在朝鲜半岛达到"以夷制夷"的目的。作为熟悉国际法事务的李鸿章核心幕僚,马建忠于1882年一年之中三次赴朝,主导了朝鲜的开埠,并在“属国自主”的基础上提出了“属邦之实”观点,该观点实际上是将中国传统的“以夷制夷”策略和近代“均势政策”相结合,但在具体操作过程中由于受到当时历史环境与国际关系的影响,其结果似乎并不成功,甚至在客观上加快了朝鲜游离出“宗藩体系”的速度。而他们在“属邦”与“自主”之间的糾结似乎也印证了维护中朝“宗藩关系”在近代朝鲜半岛地缘争夺中是一项不可能完成的任务,“宗藩体系”的崩塌恰恰是朝鲜半岛近代地缘争夺开端的具体表现形式.

During the 1870s to 1880s,the Chinese frontier crisis became severer than before,especially after Japan annexed Ryukyu when the traditional principles of world order in China could not maintain the"patriarchal-vassal system"between China and North Korea anymore.The original power structure of Northeast Asia centered with China had also on the brink of total collapse.The late Qing government tried to strengthen strategic defense in the east by involved in the internal and foreign affairs of the North Korea,actively expected to"play off one power against another"on the Korean peninsula.As a core official member of Li Hongzhang familiar with international law affairs,Ma Jianzhong visited the north Korean three times in 1882,led the opening of commercial port in North Korea,and put forward the viewpoint of"affiliated nations",which was actually the combination of the traditional Chinese strategy of"play off one power against another"and the modern strategy"policy of balance of power".However,it failed in practice influenced by historical environment and international relations at that time with seemingly unsuccessful results,and even objectively accelerated the speed of North Korea’s disassociation of the"patriarchal-vassal system".And their entanglement between"subordinate state"and"independence"also confirmed that maintaining the"patriarchal-vassal system"between China and North Korea was an impossible task to some extent during the geopolitical competition of the Korean Peninsula in modern times,and the collapse of the upatriarchal-vassal system"was precisely the concrete manifestation of the beginning of the modern geopolitical dispute on the Korean Peninsula.