公众参与能源转型:社区风电运作机制的域外镜鉴

Citizens'Participating in Energy Transformation:Lessons from Foreign Operation Modes of Community Wind Power

在气候变迁和能源危机双重风险的时代背景下,能源转型相继在各国启动,社区型再生能源逐渐成为能源转型的发展方向。其中社区风电是社区居民参与电力生产,以分散式的产权收益共享、社区利益协议等方式运行的,经由对话协商参与的学习过程建构起社会信任的基础,促成可持续发展的绿色能源愿景。首先,以公民参与为视角诠释“能源民主”与“社区风电”的具体意涵。再通过探讨社区参与、社区基金、社区投资与社会企业等四种社区风电的运作模式,回顾德国、丹麦、日本、美国的社区风电实践样态与发展经验,发掘风电项目设立运营过程中的信息公开、公众参与和平等对话机制的重要性。最后,建议赋予民众的社区电力发展选择权和影响国家能源政策的参与权,保障再生能源的绿色发展。

In the context of carbon reduction requirements amid global climate change and national calls for energy security from all over the world,energy transformation has been launched in various countries and community-based renewable energy has gradually become the trend of energy transformation.Combining power production and community residents,community wind power operates in the mode of decentralized equity income sharing,community participation or community interests agreement,and promotes the vision of sustainable green energy based on social trust constructed via the study process of dialogue and negotiation.Concrete meaning of energy democracy and community wind power are deconstructed from the perspective of citizen participation.This paper retrospects the practice pattern and development experience of community wind power cases in Germany,Denmark,Japan and the United States by discussing the four operation modes of community wind power,such as community participation,community fund,community investment and social enterprise.Then it discovers the importance of information disclosure and citizen participation in early stage as well as equal dialogue mechanism in the establishment and operation of the wind power project;and it concludes that,with the autonomy of community energy,community residents may be given the right to choose the electric power development,and further the participation right to influence national energy policies so as to guarantee the green development of renewable energy.