防御传染病的风景园林应对策略设想--基于打破传染链的视角

Landscape Architecture Strategic Plan for Infectious Diseases Defense:Based on Transmission Chain Prevention

近年来新发传染病频现,引起社会广泛关注。风景园林能有效助力公共健康,历史上也曾在应对传染病方面发挥出重要作用,但当前相关研究与实践仍处于起步阶段。以世界卫生组织(WHO)、中国疾病预防控制中心(CDC)和相关重要医学专著、国际期刊为数据来源,从传染病传染链的病原体、传染源、排出门户、传播途径、侵入门户和宿主六大要素出发,分析并总结54种主流传染病暴发的主要环境诱因,包括气候变化、土地利用变化、环境卫生和生态系统4个方面。认为传染病暴发的主要风险在于稳态环境的改变,指出风景园林应对的根本性策略在于通过环境管理手段维持环境的稳态,进而间接作用于传染链要素,实现打破传染链、防控传染病的目的。在此基础上,提出了由防疫评估、变化监测和环境控制构成的风景园林应对传染病策略,并从气候、土地利用、环境卫生、生态系统和配套设施5个方面展开论述。

Novel infectious diseases have been frequently emerging and causing widespread hazard.Landscape architecture not only played an important role of effectively response to epidemics in history,but also can efficiently support public health for today.However,the related research and practice are still in its infancy.Based on the data from World Health Organization(WHO),Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention(China CDC)and literatures from both related medical monographs and international journals,four epidemics outbreak environmental triggers can be founded as:1)climate change,2)land use change,3)environmental hygiene,and 4)ecosystems,from six main factors of 54 major infectious diseases,including:1)pathogen,2)infection sources,3)portal of exit,4)modes of transmission,5)portal of entry,and 6)disease's host.It can be concluded that the main risk of the epidemic outbreak is derived from the stable environment changing,and the fundamental coping strategy is to maintain the environmental stability.Landscape architecture's environment management will indirectly serve for both the transmission chain prevention and the infection control.The landscape feedback strategic model was introduced,which consists of 1)epidemic prevention assessment,2)changing detection,and 3)environmental control.Five aspects:1)climate,2)land use,3)environmental sanitation,4)ecosystem and 5)supporting facilities,are further elaborated for this model as well.