颗粒物暴露与儿童尿中镉、铬、锰、砷和铜元素水平变化的相关性分析

Association of Urinary Cd,Cr,Mn,As and Cu among Children with Particulate Matter Exposure

目的探讨颗粒物暴露与儿童尿中5种金属或类金属元素(镉、铬、锰、砷和铜)水平的相关性及影响因素。方法采用横断面研究,选取污染源上风向空气质量较好学校作为对照组,污染源下风向学校作为暴露组,纳入250名学龄儿童,其中对照组94名,暴露组156名。收集研究期间两个地区全年的空气污染监测数据(PM2.5、PM10和NO2),电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测尿中镉、铬、锰、砷和铜元素水平,气相色谱质谱法检测尿中可替宁水平。结果暴露地区全年PM2.5、PM10和NO2浓度显著高于对照区(Z值分别为-12.46、-16.98和-21.68,P <0.01)。暴露组儿童的尿镉、砷水平显著高于对照组(t值分别为4.45和11.26,P<0.01),尿铬、锰和铜水平低于对照组(t值分别为-6.89、-2.18和-5.72,P<0.05)。性别分层分析发现,男孩的尿镉、铬、锰、砷和铜水平在对照组和暴露组之间的差异具有统计学意义(t值分别为2.53、-6.71、-2.77、8.21和-4.21,P<0.05),女孩尿镉、铬、砷和铜水平在对照组和暴露组之间的差异具有统计学意义(t值分别为3.98、-2.60、7.51和-4.11,P<0.05)。BMI分层分析发现,正常体重儿童的尿镉、铬、锰、砷和铜水平在对照组和暴露组之间的差异具有统计学意义(t值分别为4.24、-5.35、-2.00、9.48和-4.74,P<0.05),超重儿童的尿铬、砷和铜水平在对照组和暴露组之间的差异具有统计学意义(t值分别为-5.04、5.64和-3.31,P<0.05)。尿可替宁水平分层分析发现,可替宁未检出儿童的尿镉、铬、锰、砷和铜水平在对照组和暴露组之间的差异均具有统计学意义(t值分别为3.08、-5.77、-2.67、9.59和-5.49,P<0.05),可替宁检出儿童的尿镉、铬和砷水平在对照组和暴露组之间的差异具有统计学意义(t值分别为3.38、-3.56和5.62,P<0.05)。结论颗粒物金属或类金属组分暴露与儿童尿中镉、砷元素水平升高成正相关,性别可能对尿锰水平有影响,肥胖可能会对尿铬、砷和铜有影响,烟草暴露可能会对尿镉、铬和砷水平有影响。

Objectives To explore the association and influencing factors of cadmium,chromium,manganese,arsenic and copper in urine among children with metal and metalloid components in particulate matters exposure.Methods The authors conducted a cross-sectional study and selected the school with better air quality which located the upward wind direction of the pollution source as the control group,and the school located the downward wind direction of the pollution source as the exposure group.Consequently,the authors enrolled 250 children who studied at boarding schools,and 94 and 156 schoolchildren from the control and exposed groups,respectively.The authers collected the daily mean concentrations of PM with aerodynamic diameters≤10μm(PM10)and diameters≤2.5μm(PM2.5),as well as nitrogen dioxide(NO2)during the full year in environmental monitoring stations nearest to the two chosen schools.Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry(ICP-MS)was used to determine the levels of urinary cadmium,chromium,manganese,arsenic and copper,and gas chromatography mass spectrometry was used to detect urinary cotinine level.Results The concentrations of PM2.5,PM10 and NO2 in the exposed areas were significantly higher than those in the control areas(Z values were-12.46,-16.98 and-21.68,respectively,P<0.01).The levels of urinary cadmium and arsenic in the exposed group were significantly higher than those in the control group(t values were 4.45 and 11.26,respectively,P<0.01),but the levels of urinary chromium,manganese and copper were lower than those in the control group(t values were-6.89,-2.18 and-5.72,respectively,P<0.05).Stratified by gender,the authors found that the urinary cadmium,chromium,manganese,arsenic and copper among boys had significant differences in two groups(t values were 2.53,-6.71,-2.77,8.21 and-4.21,respectively,P<0.05),and urinary cadmium,chromium,arsenic and copper among girls had significant differences in two groups(t values were 3.98,-2.60,7.51 and-4.11,respectively,P<0.05).Stratified by BMI,the authors found that urinary cadmium,chromium,manganese,arsenic and copper levels among children with normal BMI had significant differences in two groups(t values were 4.24,-5.35,-2.00,9.48 and-4.74,respectively,P<0.05),and urinary chromium,arsenic and copper levels among overweight children had significant differences in two groups(t values were-5.04,5.64 and-3.31,respectively,P<0.05).Stratified by urinary cotinine,the authors found that among the children of undetermined cotinine,urinary cadmium,chromium,manganese,arsenic and copper levels had significant differences in two groups(t values were3.08,-5.77,-2.67,9.59 and-5.49,respectively,P<0.05),but among children of determined cotinine,urinary cadmium,chromium and arsenic had significant differences in two groups(t values were 3.38,-3.56 and5.62,respectively,P<0.05).Conclusions Metal and metalloid components in particulate matters exposure was positively correlated with increased children’s urinary cadmium and arsenic.Gender might have an effect on urine manganese levels.Obesity might affect urine chromium,arsenic and copper,and tobacco exposure might affect urine cadmium,chromium and arsenic levels.