从蠢牛尤舍到傻瓜吉姆佩尔——辛格兄弟笔下的流浪作家寓言

From Yoshe the Loon to Gimpel the Fool: Wandering Writers'Allegories of the Brothers Singer

本文以伊斯雷尔·约书亚·辛格的《尤舍·卡尔伯》与其弟弟艾萨克·巴什维斯·辛格的《傻瓜吉姆佩尔》为考察对象,着重分析两篇小说在内容上由"流浪"这一共同主题显示的承继关系以及从这重关系中展现出的20世纪意第绪语作家在历史巨变中对其文学理想的找寻和对自身存在的思考。本文认为,两部小说的主人公都反映了各自作家的经历,都是其作家的自我写照。但由于历史背景不同,创作于1932年的《尤舍·卡尔伯》所反映的是伊斯雷尔·辛格在现实中寻求理想而不得的失望,而创作于1945年的《傻瓜吉姆佩尔》则表现了巴什维斯·辛格对用语言重建被毁的现实世界的信心。从文学承继关系上来看,近乎作为《尤舍·卡尔伯》续篇的《傻瓜吉姆佩尔》既是对前者在神秘主义层面上的修复,也表现了巴什维斯·辛格在文学创作上对兄长文学理想的继承,更表达了20世纪意第绪语作家用语言重建精神家园的愿望。

Focusing on the comparison between Israel Joshua Singer’s Yoshe Kalb and his younger brother,Isaac Bashevis Singer’s "Gimpl tam," this article focuses on these two works’ relationship of inheritance through the common theme of wandering,and the 20th-century Yiddish writers’ quest of their literature ideal and thoughts about their own existence.As this article argues,both of the protagonists of the two novels reflect the experience of their authors and the authors themselves.But,inasmuch as the historical backgrounds’ difference,what Yoshe Kalb(1932)shows is Israel Singer’s disappointment of being unable to realize his ideal in real life,while what "Gimpl tam"(1945) reflects is Bashevis Singer’s confidence in rebuilding a collapsed world through language.From the relationship of inheritance,as almost the continuance of Yoshe Kalb, "Gimpl tam" is a restoration of the Yoshe Kalb’s collapse in the mysterious level,and it is also Bashevis Singer’s inheritance of his brother’s ideal for literature.Moreover,"Gimpl tam" also expresses the 20th century Yiddish writers’ will of rebuilding their spiritual home through language.