城镇化与居民主观福祉关系研究——兼论对城乡规划的检视与启示

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN URBANIZATION AND RESIDENTS' SUBJECTIVE WELLBEING:REVIEW AND ENLIGHTENMENT ON URBAN AND RURAL PLANNING

健康、幸福和家庭经济满意等已成为评价我国城镇化模式与城乡规划作用的重要维度.本文以健康、幸福感和家庭经济满意等为基础构建居民主观福祉,采用全国124个城市401个社区的1 4600名居民的抽样调查数据,运用描述性统计、多层混合效应线性回归模型、多层混合效应逻辑斯蒂回归模型等方法,探讨城镇化、城乡规划和居民主观福祉之间的关系.研究表明,在居民主观福祉的空间分布上,经济发展水平低的城市的居民主观福祉水平较低,经济发达的城市的居民主观福祉水平较高;但城镇化率大于70%的城市的居民主观福祉水平却显著低于城镇化率50%~70%的城市的居民.研究证实当前城镇化模式下存在居民主观福祉转折点,即,城镇化水平、城市经济发展水平、城市人口规模均与居民主观福祉呈“倒U型”结构关系.这一方面证实了以往中国城乡规划追求经济增长以提升居民福祉的合理性,同时也反映出粗放的城镇化模式对居民福祉可能存在潜在的损害.迈入城镇化中后期,提高社会福祉应作为我国城乡规划的直接目标,以满足新时期国家治理的新要求.

Health,happiness and family economic satisfaction have become important evaluation indicators of China’s urbanization process and urban and rural planning.In this paper,residents’ subjective well-being consists of health,happiness,family economic satisfaction,and so on.Based on the sample survey data of 14,600 residents in 401 neighborhoods of 124 cities in China,the paper explores the relationship between urbanization,urban planning and residents’ well-being using descriptive statistics,multilevel mixed-effects generalized linear model and multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression model.The results show that in the spatial distribution of residents’ well-being,residents living in cities with low per capita GDP have a low level of well-being,and residents in economically developed cities have a higher level of well-being;but the level of well-being of residents living in cities with urbanization rate greater than 70% is significantly lower than those living in cities with urbanization rate from 50% to 70%.This study proves that there is a turning point in residents’ subjective well-being under the current urbanization mode.In other words,the relationships between urbanization rate and residents’ well-being,economic development and residents’ well-being,population scale and residents’ wellbeing follow an inverse-U shape.These results confirm the rationality of China’s urban planning in pursuit of economic growth for the purpose of improving residents’ living standard.Additionally,it also reflects that the current poor-quality urbanization mode may harm residents’ well-being.Finally,we put forward that,in the background of slowing economic growth,the improvement of social welfare should be the direct target of urban and rural planning,to meet the new requirement of national governance in the new era.