农业文化遗产旅游地农户生计与农地利用的耦合协调研究--以哈尼梯田为例

Coupling Coordination between the Livelihood of Farmers and the Utilization of Farmland at Agricultural Heritage Tourism Destinations:A Case Study of Hani Terraces

农户生计与农地利用的耦合是理解遗产地农户生计发展与遗产保护传承协调关系的关键路径。文章基于云南省哈尼梯田的实证调查,采用耦合协调度、LOWESS拟合等方法,对农户生计与农地利用的耦合特征进行分析,结果表明:第一,旅游发展环境下农户生计分化成5种主要类型,不同类型农户的生计资本及其结构存在差异,非农化发展农户的生计资本总量更高,以旅游为主导的农户资本结构相较于其他类型农户明显不同,在营建旅游经营条件过程中金融资本向物质资本大量转化。第二,不同生计模式对农地保护与利用造成差异化的负面影响,农户对农地利用现状、利用态度存在分异,本地化兼业活动、旅游从业对农地的负面影响弱于异地非农化,农户为最大化发挥劳动力价值兼顾传统农业生产。第三,农户生计与农地利用的协调度排序为旅游参与型>旅游主导型>经营兼业型>务工主导型>务农主导型,非农发展形势下生计旅游化转型有利于弥合生计发展与遗产保护之间的矛盾,但以旅游为主导的生计发展带来了农地利用的进一步分化,须警惕过度旅游化转型对遗产保护的影响。构建旅游对农业生产的反哺机制,提升农业生产附加收益,降低务农相对成本,保持农户有效兼业,仍是未来努力的方向。

Coupling coordination between farmers’livelihood and farmland utilization is the key to understand the relationship between livelihood development of local farmers and heritage protection.Based on an investigation of Hani Terraces and descriptive statistics,this paper used coupling coordination model and LOWESS fitting method to probe the coupling characteristics of farmer’s livelihood and farmland utilization.The results show that:(1)local farmers have formed five types of livelihood namely,agriculture-led,work-oriented,balanced and concurrent,tourism-involved and tourism-led type and each type brings about significant differences in the total amount and structure of livelihood capital;(2)significant differences are found in farmland utilization,especially in labor input,planting intention and relatively recessive behavior,and a farmer’livelihood capital and farmland utilization are closely related to his type of livelihood;(3)in the context of non-agricultural development,transformation of livelihood to tourism industry can help to bridge the contradiction between livelihood development and heritage protection.However,the livelihood development of tourism-led type of farmers leads to further differentiation of farmland utilization.The authors suggest that care be taken about the impact of over-tourism transformation on heritage protection,and future attentions be directed on constructing tourism mechanism of agricultural production to improve additional income,reduce the relative cost of farming,and to maintain the effective employment of farmers.