中暹传统朝贡关系的终结(1869—1893)

The End of the China-Siam Tributary Relations (1869-1893)

1853年暹罗使团遇劫事件后,暹廷未再进贡中国,两国朝贡关系渐趋中断乃至终结。1863年,在回复广东方面的催贡要求时,暹廷开始采取拖延策略;而后至1868年,蒙固王在布告中严厉批评两国的朝贡关系,拉开了这一关系终结的序幕。1869年,暹廷首次提议改道天津进贡,但此议与朝贡礼制相悖,清廷坚决拒绝。暹方遂认定天津路线具备合理性,继续坚持。流传近百年的所谓1882年朱拉隆功正式拒绝进贡中国的说法,纯属子虚乌有。1884—1888年,温宗彦、郑观应、王荣和、余瓗等访暹,均隐含“问责”暹廷失贡之意。暹廷不再坚持天津路线,也不赞同订约,两国朝贡关系已难以为继。1893年,在北榄事件的催化下,清廷承认暹罗为独立国,两国朝贡关系至此正式终结。

After the Siamese envoys were attacked in China in 1853,the Siam court stopped sending tributes to China.Since then,the tributary relations between Siam and China were disrupted and finally came to an end.In response to the call from Canton in 1863 to renew the tributary relations,the Siam court adopted the stonewalling strategy.In 1868,King Mongkut(Rama IV)severely criticized the tributary relations,and this marked a prelude to the termination of the relations.In 1869,the Siam court proposed to take another tributary route to disembark at Tianjin Port.However,the Qing court rejected this request on the ground of violating the prescribed tributary system.But Siam insisted on the Tianjin route.It is not true that King Chulalongkorn(Rama V)refused to render tributes to China in 1882.China sent envoys like Wen Zongyan,Zheng Guanying,Wang Ronghe and Yu Qiong to Siam during 1884 and 1888,subtly blaming Siam for the suspended tributary relations.Since then,Siam no longer insisted on the Tianjin route.But she did not agree to have a treaty,making it difficult to maintain the tributary relations.In 1893,following the Paknam Incident,the Qing court recognized Siam as an independent country,and the tributary relations between China and Siam were officially terminated.