我国校园体育场地开放“反公地悲剧”的治理研究——以F省LY市为个案

Tragedy of Anti-commons and Governance of Opening Campus Sports Ground to Society in China

我国校园体育场地曾陷入公共管理学的经典困境——迈克尔·黑勒的“反公地悲剧”,多元治理主体刻意采取不开放策略,导致资源闲置。调查发现(1)校园体育场地产权碎片化虽不严重,但涉及国有资产产权私有化,极难整合。(2)校长、教育局长和地方党政领导作为治理主体代表,承担多重、模糊责任,为了防范风险,各责任主体封闭校园,禁止周边居民进入锻炼。(3)通过政策创新,校园体育场地开放工作构建了新的多重责任机制,消除了条块管理所造成的责任模糊问题。研究认为由于我国特色所有制形式,从“产权整合”这一假设出发,探寻公有资源产权明晰化极难实现。在产权不可解的情况下,将解决思路转为“责任明晰化”,利用我国强政府的制度优势,对责任主体、内容、程序等进行整体治理,确保因条块管理而分割的公共物品之管理权、使用权等与事责统一,在解决我国公有资源闲置问题上更具操作性。

China's school campus sports grounds fell into the classic dilemma in public management—Michael Healer's Anti-common Tragedy,which means that the governance subject deliberately adopted the non-opening strategy.This study explored a Chinese variant of the Anti-common Tragedy through a case study of LY City in F Province and found that although the fragmentation of property rights in campus sports ground was not serious,it was difficult to be integrated.As governance main subjects,the principles of the schools,the directors of the education bureaus,the party and government leaders generally implemented a responsibility system for safety to prevent uncontrollable liability risks,prohibiting residents of surrounding communities from entering the campuses.Through policy innovation,a multi-responsibility distribution mechanism was established.Due to the characteristics of ownership in China,it was difficult to define whether the public property rights of public resources were clarified or privatized.Therefore,the institutional advantages of China's powerful government should be used to ensure the management and rights of the public goods unified with the responsibility,which was more operational in solving the problem of the idleness of public resources in China.