4Zimmerrnan C. The development of scientific thinking skills in elementary and middle school [J]. Developmen- tal Review, 2007, 27(2): 172-223.
5Klahr, D. Exploring science: The cognition and devel- opment of discovery processes [M]. Cambridge: MA: MITPress, 2000.
6Lawson A E. A review of research on formal reasoning and science teaching [J]. Journal of Research in Sci- ence Teaching, 1985, 22(7): 569-617.
7Lawson A E. The development and validation of a classroom test of formal reasoning [J]- Journal of Re- search in Science Teaching, 1978, 15(1): 11-24.
8Lewis D M, MitzelH C, Green D R. Standard setting. A bookmark approach, the CCSSO National Confer- ence on Large Scale Assessment [C]. Phoneix, AZ, 1996.
9Yao J-X, Guo Y-Y, Neumann K. Refining the learning progression of energy [C]. llth Conference of the Eu- ropean Science Education Research Association (ES- ERA). Helsinki, Finland, 2015.
10Yao J-X, Guo Y-Y, Neumann K. Toward a Hypothe- sis for the Learning Progression of Scientific Explana- tion [C]. East-Asia Association for Science Education (EASE) Conference 2015. Beijing, China. 2015.