传统村落类型划分及保护发展策略制定的一种新方法--以浙江省临海市四个传统村落为例

A New Approach to the Classification of Traditional Villages and Strategies for Their Preservation and Development:The Example of Four Traditional Villages in Linhai City,Zhejiang Province

临海市是全国历史文化名城,传统村落数量众多、类型多样,并呈现出不同的类型特征。文章针对当下传统村落类型划分的一般方法可能产生的诸如遗产资源简单拼凑、忽视关联,保护与发展割裂,缺少社会问题研判等问题,从更整体的维度提出传统村落分类的方法,即将环境基底、文化资源、社会属性纳入分类评价体系中,进而将临海市18个国家级传统村落划分为综合发展类、整治提升类、特色保护类、扶持保留类四种类型。文章以四种村落类型的代表——城里村、下湾村、胜坑村、石牛坑村为例,梳理其发展演变过程,对比分析它们的特征,指出了不同类型村落所需的保护发展策略应有所区别。在此基础上,文章呼吁各方在以下三个方面达成共识:形成文化遗产保护与利用的整体性意识,建立村落管理的协调机制,发挥村民的主体作用。

As one of the‘Famous Historical and Cultural Cities’of China,Linhai City in Zhejiang Province includes many traditional villages with distinctive characteristics.The conventional method for the classification of traditional villages is problematic in that it involves the simple patchwork distribution of heritage preservation resources,neglected relationships,separation of preservation and development processes as well as a lack of research into social problems.This paper proposes a new approach for a more comprehensive classification of traditional villages using additional dimensions.These dimensions include introducing environmental factors,cultural resources and social attributes into the value evaluation system.Furthermore,the 18‘National Traditional Villages’in Linhai City were divided into four types:(1)comprehensively developed villages,(2)villages needing renovation and improvement,(3)villages needing characteristic preservation and(4)villages needing economic support and cultural reservation.The villages of Chengli,Xiawan,Shengkeng and Shiniukeng were chosen as representative examples of these four types,respectively.The evolution and features of the villages were analysed to demonstrate the preservation and development strategies for each type.Finally,the paper advocates that all stakeholders must reach a consensus to(1)form an integrated opinion towards the preservation and utilisation of cultural heritage;(2)establish a coordination mechanism in the village management;and(3)enable the villagers to play a full role in the preservation and development of their villages.