贸易自由化、中间产品贸易与工资——基于中国微观企业数据的经验研究

Trade Liberalization, Intermediate Products Trade and Wage:An Empirical Study Based on the Data of China’s Micro Enterprises

基于2000—2013年中国工业企业和海关数据,运用工具变量法分析了关税下降对企业员工工资的影响,研究发现:最终制成品关税下降会降低出口企业员工工资,原因在于出口临界点边缘的企业在最终制成品关税下降后从国内市场转向出口市场的过程中利润下降,进而导致企业员工工资下降。中间投入品关税下降将会降低非进口企业员工工资,提高进口企业员工工资,原因在于关税下降可以通过中间投入品的"成本节约"效应和"多样化"效应提高进口企业的经营绩效。对于加工贸易和一般贸易企业,最终制成品关税下降都会降低出口企业员工工资,但中间投入品关税下降对企业员工工资的影响不同:加工贸易进口企业员工工资会下降,而一般贸易进口企业员工工资则会提高。从分区域的研究来看,最终制成品关税下降,会降低东部和西部地区出口企业员工工资,提高中部地区出口企业员工工资;中间投入品关税下降,则会提高东部和西部地区进口企业员工工资,降低中部地区进口企业员工工资。

Based on the data of China’s industrial firms and Customs from 2000 to 2013,this paper employs the instrumental variable approach to analyze the impact of tariff cuts on the employee wages of Chinese firms.The findings show that the tariff cuts on final finished goods will lower the employees’wages of the exporting firms,as the firms at the margin of export critical point may experience profit loss when shifting from the domestic markets to the international markets after the tariff cuts on the final finished goods,then leading to the fall of employee wages.The tariff cuts on intermediate input products will reduce the employees’wages of non-importing firms but raise the employees’wages of importing firms,since the importing firms may improve their operational performances with tariff cuts through the"cost-saving"effect and"variety"effect of the intermediate input products.For firms engaged in processing trade and general trade,the tariff cuts on final finished goods will all lower the employee’s wages of processing export enterprises.However,the tariff cuts on intermediate input goods will have different impacts on the employee’s wages,the employee’s wages of the import enterprises engaged in processing trade will be lowered,while the employee’s wages of the import enterprises engaged in ordinary trade will be raised.The results of the regional study indicate that the tariff cuts on the final finished goods will lower the employee’s wages of the export enterprises located at the eastern and western regions but raise the employee’s wages of the export enterprises located at the central region.However,the tariff cuts of intermediate input goods will raise the employee’s wages of the import enterprises located at the eastern and western regions,but lower the employee’s wages of import enterprises located in the central region.