宅基地“三权分置”的产权重构与制度实现

Property Right Reconstruction and System Realization of“the Separation of Three Rights”of Homestead

宅基地“三权分置”源于“两权分离”构造下宅基地使用权因可交易性不足陷入的制度困境。权利性质是明晰法权结构和权能规则的基点。根植于集体所有权的权利属性与实质内涵,资格权应定性为集体成员权;使用权应界定为现行法中的宅基地使用权,以契合“三权分置”的政策目标、功能定位和既定法律约束。在“所有权+成员权+用益物权”的法权结构下,应从主体和权能方面扩充所有权,从主体界定、取得及登记、自愿退出和有偿使用等层面建构资格权,设计转让、抵押、期限和用途等规则改造使用权,从行为约束、用途管制和过程监管等维度升级管制权。

“The separation of three rights”of homestead is due to circulation dilemma caused by the lack of tradability of right to use of homestead under the structure of“two rights separation”.The nature of right is the essence of clarifying the structure of legal power and rules of power.Rooted in the nature of collective ownership,the right of qualification can only be defined as the right of collective members.The right to use is defined as the right to use homestead in the current law,in order to meet the policy objectives,functional positioning and established legal constraints of“the separation of three rights”.Under the legal power structure of“ownership+membership+usufruct”,the ownership should be expanded from the aspects of subject and power,the qualification right should be constructed from the aspects of subject definition,acquisition and registration,voluntary withdrawal and paid use,the right to use should be modified according to rules of transfer,mortgage,time limit and use,and the control right should be upgraded from the aspects of behavior,use and process.