城市遗产活力视角下典型教育遗产的特征与价值分析——以科举考场为例

The Heritage Value and Features of Typical Educational Heritage from the Perspective of Urban Heritage Vitality:A Case of Imperial Examination Site

城市遗产的活力提升已成为旧城复兴及历史街区更新的核心议题之一。作为城市遗产的类型之一,科举考场(贡院与考棚)是我国典型的文化现象:科举文化的物质空间载体,也是文庙、官学等常见的教育建筑类型之外的又一典型形式。科举考场在历史时期曾对城市风貌及街区、建筑景观的塑造产生过深刻影响,而今仍是城市空间中最典型的教育建筑遗存形式之一。该文基于建筑遗产视角,以我国现存的科举考场文物保护单位为主要研究对象,在梳理其遗产现状的基础上综合探讨了这类教育建筑遗产的概念演变及其相应的建筑形制和材料沿革过程;系统地归纳总结了其区位、规模及形制、空间布局等关键特点;试图阐明其遗产特点与价值,并针对性地提出对贡院与考棚建筑遗产保护的若干建议。

The vitality of urban heritage has become one of the core issues of the revitalization of old towns and the renewal of neighborhoods.As one of the types of urban heritage,the imperial examination site,namely Gong Yuan or Kao Peng,is the main material carrier of imperial examination culture.It is also a kind of typical educational heritage besides Confucian Temple and Official School.The imperial examination site had strongly affected the outlook of the urban area as well as the architectural landscape in historical period.Nowadays it is still one of the most-represented urban relics of education.In the view of architectural heritage,the cases of the imperial examination sites which have been on the state,provincial and municipal protected cultural heritage list were analyzed.Based on the current status of these relics,we analyzed the connotation evolution of"Kao Peng"and its corresponding improvement of architectural forms and materials.Besides,the location,scale,and architectural layout features of the imperial examination site were also discussed.Finally,the heritage value of imperial examination site and the suggestions for heritage preservation of Gong Yuan and Kao Peng were given based on these features.