阶层分化、村庄竞争与“拟态进阶”——农民进城定居的村庄视角

Stratum Differentiation,Village Competition and“Mimetic Advance”:From Village Perspective of Farmers Settling in Cities

城乡二元结构使农民的阶层分化具有二维性,一维是农民在农村社会内部的阶层分化与流动,另一维是农民作为一个群体参与整个社会的分层与流动。农村社会内部的阶层分化和流动构成农民进行阶层上升的基础和动力,但这种阶层上升的最终目标不是成为农村社会阶层结构中的最上层,而是实现关键“一跃”,即脱离农村实现“农村人”到“城里人”的身份转变,进入整个社会的分层与流动,这是农民进城定居行为的内在动力。但城市价值导向、村庄的无序过度竞争等会导致农民对进城定居的“拟态进阶”,这种“拟态进阶”表现在农民生活的各个方面,其最直接的后果是促使农民在并无足够的经济资本和人力资本积累的情况下,勉强进城定居。这种“拟态进阶”会造成村庄资源的过度抽取、农民社会生活的扭曲,以及家庭关系、家庭生计的不稳定。

The dual structure of urban and rural areas makes the class differentiation of peasants two-dimensional.One dimension is the stratification of peasants within rural society.The other is peasants’participation in the stratification and their flow as a group in the whole society.The differentiation and mobility within the rural society constitute the basis and motivation for the peasants to rise.However,the ultimate goal of this class rise is not the top layer of rural social stratification,but the key“one leap”,that is,deviating from the rural areas to achieve identity change and entering into the stratification and flow of the entire society.This is the internal dynamic mechanism of farmers settlement behavior.However,urban value orientation,excessive competition in villages,etc.will lead to peasants“mimetic advance”and irrational urban settlement behavior.That is,without sufficient economic capital and human capital accumulation,they barely settle in the city.This kind of“mimicry entering the city”will result in the excessive extraction of village resources,the distortion of social life in the village,as well as the instability of family relations and the village society.