界定、测量与控制:国外腐败研究的主要维度和问题

Definition,Measurement and Control:Major Dimensions and Problems in the Researches on Foreign Corruption

腐败是历史性动态生成的一种常态化的反道德行为或现象,是为了满足个体或群体私利,不惜践踏法律、违反社会公序良俗,对公共资源、公共利益、公共团体、公共职位等的滥用,是世界各国理论与实践长期关注的重要议题。通过对国外腐败研究进行梳理后不难发现,概念界定、原因测量、控制机制作为国外腐败研究的三个重要维度,分别构成探究问题的逻辑起点、焦点、重点。首先,概念界定作为国外腐败研究的逻辑起点构成了其研究的立论基础。围绕什么是腐败,国外学界形成了强调个体道德失范属性的古典学派和侧重违反公共利益属性的现代学派,并在此基础上逐渐发展形成了凸显道德话语体系建构的新古典学派和致力于腐败动态性常态性研究的新现代学派。其次,原因测量作为国外腐败研究的焦点,并以此形成了国外对于腐败症结的基本认知。围绕为什么会腐败,国外学界从个体、群体、整体不同层面进行分析后认为,个体层面的腐败,某种程度是需求无法满足时的替代性方案;群体层面的腐败,则与意识形态对于群体行为的诱发机理有关,即高精英主义意识形态在某种程度上会降低腐败认知,激发腐败意图,最终破坏社会执行机制的有效性,从而诱发腐败;整体层面的腐败,源于物质价值观盛行导致的腐败亚文化及由此形成的腐败温床。最后,解决机制,即如何能够尽可能地遏制、控制、减少腐败是国外学界腐败研究极为关注和热议的重点。在寻求解决机制过程中,国外学界认为应该根据腐败的成因、特点、类型有针对性地进行分类控制:对个体层面的腐败,重点在于通过制度性、结构性变革提供满足个体需要的基本公共服务,降低个体腐败诱因;对群体层面的腐败,重点在于破解经济非均衡发展导致的贫富分化在政治层面的利益二次分配,提升社会执行机制的有效性;对整体层面的腐败,重点在于建立健全宏观层面和具体制度设置,实施过程中建立更严格的监督监察检察体制机制,实行更严厉的处罚惩戒措施,从而最终真正有效遏制腐败。

Corruption is a long-standing regular anti-moral behavior or phenomenon.It is the abuse of public resources,public interests,public organizations and public positions against law and principle of public order and good custom to satisfy the interest of some individuals and groups.It has been an important issue that has long been concerned in theory and practice by scholars all around the world.Combing through the studies of foreign corruption,we find that concept definition,cause measurement and control mechanism as three important dimensions of foreign corruption studies,respectively constitute the logical starting point,focus and emphasis of inquiry.Firstly,concept definition as the logical starting point of foreign corruption research is the theoretical basis of the research.Regarding what is corruption,foreign academia has formed the classic school that emphasizes the individual moral anomie and the modern school that emphasizes the violation of public interests,and on this basis develops the neo-classical school that highlights the construction of a moral discourse system and the new modern school that is dedicated to the study of the dynamic and regular attributes of corruption.Secondly,cause measurement,the focus of foreign corruption research,has enabled researchers to have a basic understanding of the besetting sin of foreign corruption.In regard to the causes of corruption,foreign scholars have analyzed corruption at different levels of individuals,groups and the whole society.They believe that individual corruption is,to some extent,an alternative scheme when personal needs cannot be satisfied.Group corruption is related to the inducing mechanism of ideology on the group behavior,that is,the highly elitist ideology somehow reduces the corruption awareness,stimulate corruption intentions,and ultimately affects the effectiveness of the social execution mechanism,thus inducing corruption.The overall corruption stems from the corruption subculture caused by prevalent materialistic values and the resulting hotbed of corruption.Finally,the solution mechanism,namely,ways to curb,control and reduce corruption as much as possible is the focus for foreign scholars.In pursuit of a solution mechanism,foreign academics believe that corruption should be addressed in accordance with its cause,characteristics,and type.To address individual corruption,the key is to provide basic public services satisfactory for individuals through institutional and structural reform and thus reduce the incentive for individual corruption.To address group corruption,the key is to crack down on the secondary distribution of interests at the political level resulting from the polarization of wealth caused by unbalanced economic development and make the social execution mechanism more effective.To address overall corruption,the key is to establish and improve specific institutions at macor-level,more strict supervision,monitoring and procuratorial mechanism,and more severe punitive measures so as to effectively curb corruption.