河北省县域农业绿色发展指标时空变化特征

Temporal and spatial characteristics of agricultural green development indicators in counties of Hebei Province

为剖析河北省县域农业绿色发展的主要问题及限制因素,本文以河北省135个县(区)为研究对象,围绕社会、经济、生产力、资源和生态环境5个维度,选取了26项农业绿色发展指标,基于专家意见和统计资料,参照农业绿色发展程度将入选指标从高到低划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ级,并定量分析了1996年和2016年河北省县域尺度的农业绿色发展指标时空变化特征。结果表明, 20年间河北省农业生产条件不断改善,农业机械化水平与农田灌溉水平均有不同程度的提升;农业经济效益大幅增长,单位面积农业产值与人均可支配收入分别增长了1.96倍和3.05倍;农业生产能力持续提升,表现为单位面积热量产量及植物蛋白产量持续上升,氮素利用效率有所回升;资源投入持续增加,表现为氮、磷、农药及农膜的使用强度不断增加;环境风险仍处于较高水平。从空间变化来看,河北省东北部和南部地区社会发展、经济和农业生产的农业绿色发展程度呈提高趋势;而资源和生态环境指标绿色发展程度总体表现为下降趋势,呈现出西北部和东南部地区高的特征。5类指标绿色发展程度等级处于Ⅰ级水平的县域数量占比较高,呈现明显的空间差异。河北省农业绿色发展的主要瓶颈问题来自资源短缺、环境污染和生态破坏,造成以上问题的原因是资源投入过高、种养结构改变和农牧分离严重,下一步需要提高资源利用效率,保持产地环境的清洁和生态系统的稳定,快速推进河北省县域的农业绿色发展。

In order to analyze the main problems and limiting factors of agricultural green development at county level in Hebei Province, this study took 135 counties(districts) in Hebei Province as the research objects, focusing on five dimensions(society, economy, productivity, resources and ecological environment), selected 26 agricultural green development indicators based on expert opinions and statistical data to analyze the spatio-temporal change characteristics of agricultural green development indicators at county scale in Hebei Province in 1996 and 2016. According to the degree of agricultural green development from high to low, the selected indicators were divided into Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ grades. The results showed that the agricultural production condition in Hebei Province had been improved continuously from 1996 to 2016. The agricultural mechanization level and farmland irrigation level had increased at different degrees. The agricultural economic benefits also improved greatly, in which agricultural output value per unit cultivated land area and rural disposable income per capita increased by 1.96 times and 3.05 times, respectively. The agricultural production capacity continued to increase, as demonstrated by the continuous increases in caloric and protein production per unit cultivated land area and utilization efficiency of nitrogen. The input of resources increased resulting from the use intensity of nitrogen, phosphorus, pesticide and agricultural film increased continuously;and the environmental risk remained at a high level. In terms of spatial variation, the degree of agricultural green development of social development, economy and agricultural production in the northeast and south of Hebei Province showed an increasing trend, while that of resources and eco-environmental indicators showed a decreasing trend. The results showed the characteristics of high degree of agricultural green development in the northwest and southeast of the province. The number of counties with the grade Ⅰ green development of five indexes was relatively high, showing a significant spatial difference. The main bottleneck of agricultural green development in Hebei Province came from resource shortage, environmental pollution and ecological destruction;which caused by the excessive investment of resources, the change of planting and breeding structure and the separation of agriculture and animal husbandry. It is necessary for the agricultural green development in Hebei Province to improve the efficiency of resource utilization, keep the environment clean and the ecosystem stable.