私法中善意认定的规则体系

Systematic Rules on Good Faith Identification in Private Law

私法中适用信赖保护之善意普遍存在且多样。究其本质,善意是对私法主体认知状态的评价结果,这一认知状态是私法主体对可信赖事实之表象与真实情况不一致的不知悉。对于此种不知悉的评价,依善意的发展历史及其认定的特性,应属于法律价值判断,并可通过过失要件进行利益衡量。鉴于善意及其认定的共性,为化解善意认定规则上的争议,可以可信赖事实之可信赖性为主线脉络,对善意的认定进行体系化的规则建构。其中,一般可信赖程度是善意认定类型的层级区分依据,依此形成的规范标准以过失作为层级协调因素。一般可信赖程度加上影响特定可信赖性的因素,决定了具体认定善意中的实体考量因素和程序方式选择。依此,可形成"非为明知"和"非因过失而不知"的实体标准判断要素,以及一般性推定与有条件推定的程序展开方式,最终构建起以体系思维为引导的善意认定规则体系。

Good faith in reliance protection is widespread and diverse in private law.Essentially,good faith is a result of the evaluation of the cognitive state of private law subjects,which manifests itself as not knowing the inconsistence between presentation and the real situation of reliable facts.Based on the history of good faith and the characteristics of its identification process,the identification of not knowing should belong to legal value judgment,in which the measurement of benefits can be balanced through the element of negligence.In view of the common characteristics of the identification of good faith,it is necessary to construct systematic rules on how to identify good faith on the basis of the reliability of reliable facts.The degree of general reliability is the basis of the hierarchical distinction among general types of identification of good faith,and the normative standards thus formed take negligence as the element of hierarchical coordination.The degree of general reliability worthiness,coupled with the influencing factors of special reliability worthiness,determine substantive considerations and the choice of procedural methods in the specific identification of good faith.In this way,the elements of substantive judgment of"not knowing"and"not knowing due to factors other than negligence",as well as the procedural methods of general presumption and conditional presumption can be formed,and the systematic rules on good faith identification guided by systematic logic can be ultimately established.