生物刑法之预防性扩张的教义学路径

The Dogmatic Approach to the Preventive Expansion of Biological Criminal Law

随着新冠病毒肺炎疫情发展及其带来的涉疫情犯罪蔓延,司法实践的预防性扩张与司法解释的预防性扩张解释,成为涉疫情犯罪之刑法适用的发展态势。造成生物刑法之预防性扩张的原因是生物刑法对抽象危险犯、危险责任的倚重,由此带来生物犯罪之不法与有责判断难题。生物刑法倚重抽象危险犯的立法技术并形成预防性刑法的范式具有合理性,是刑法合理控制生物安全风险的客观需要。正确对待生物刑法的预防性扩张,需要从法教义学上明确两点,一是在因果关系理论中采取疫学因果关系,并把畏惧感说纳入其中对之进行合理改造,使生物刑法之价值天平适当向预防原则倾斜;二是把危险责任纳入生物犯罪的有责性判断,适当强调口袋罪的预防性扩张,并合理限制“容许的风险”的范围。

With the development of the COVID-19 epidemic and the spread of epidemic-related crimes,the preventive expansion of judicial practice and the preventive expansion of judicial interpretation have become the development trend of criminal law applicable to epidemic-related crimes. The reason for the preventive expansion of biological criminal law is that this law relies heavily on abstract dangerous criminal and dangerous liability,which brings about the difficult problem of judgment of illegality and responsibility of biological crime. The heavy reliance of biological criminal law on the legislative technique of abstract dangerous criminal and the formation of the paradigm of preventive criminal law are reasonable and necessary for meeting the objective need of the criminal law to reasonably control biosafety risks. To deal with the preventive expansion of biological criminal law correctly,we need to clarify two points from the perspective of legal doctrines. One is to adopt the causality of epidemiology in the theory of epidemiological causation,and incorporate the fear theory into it,so as to appropriately tilt the balance of the value of biological criminal law towards the principle of prevention;the other is to incorporate the dangerous liability into the responsibility judgment of biological crime,properly emphasize the preventive expansion of "pocket crime,"and reasonably limit the scope of "allowable risks".