民法典人格权编几个重要理论问题评析

An Analysis of Several Important Theoretical Issues and Rules of Personal Right Part in Chinese Civil Code

《民法典》将人格权独立成编,使得其逻辑体系更为周延与严谨,使得大陆法系的《民法典》增添了新的体系结构类型,是我国《民法典》对世界范围内民法法典化进程的重大贡献。独立成编的体系顺应了尊重与保障人权的历史趋势,为具体的民事活动提供了更为周全的行为规则,为法院审理人格权纠纷案件提供了更为详细的裁判规则。人格权具有宪法权利与民事权利的双重属性,但更主要地是一种民事权利。人格权必须由《民法典》进行规范才能成为真正的法定权利。人格权与主体资格是不同的概念。侵权责任法不能替代人格权法,侵权法无法对人格权的内容、效力、行使、保护等作出详细的规定。人格权是自然人专享的权利,法人不应当享有人格权,但在《民法典》已经明确作出法人人格权规定的情况下,司法实务中应当理解法人人格权的立法主旨在于保护营利法人的商业利益与财产权益。荣誉权的客体不属于人格利益的范畴,进而荣誉权不可能是人格权,将来修订《民法典》时应当将其删除。《民法典》人格权编仍存在不足与待完善之处。

The compilation of personality right in civil code is a major contribution of Chinas Civil Code to the process of codification of civil law in the world,which makes its system more comprehensive and rigorous,and adds a new type of system structure to the civil law system.The compiling of an independent part on personality rights in the Civil Code complies with the historical trend of respecting and protecting human rights,which provides more comprehensive rules of conduct for specific civil activities,and more detailed adjudication rules for the court to hear cases of personality right disputes.Personality right has the dual attributes of constitutional right and civil right,but it is more of a civil right.Personality right must be regulated by the civil code to become true legal right.The tort liability law cannot replace the personality right law since the tort law cannot make detailed provisions on the content,effect,exercise,protection and so on of the personality right.Personality right is the exclusive right of natural person,that legal person should not enjoy the personality right.However,in the case where the Civil Code has clearly stipulated the personality right of legal person,it should be understood in the judicial practice that the legislative purpose of the personality right of legal person is to protect the commercial interests and property interests of for-profit legal person.Since the object of right of honor does not belong to the category of personality interest,right of honor cannot be personality right.Therefore,it should be removed when the Civil Code is revised in the future.There are still some deficiencies to be improved in the part of personality right.