基于GIS和AIS的渤海海上船舶活动时空特征分析

Spatio-temporal characteristics of ship activities in the Bohai Sea based on GIS and AIS

基于2018年海上船舶自动识别系统(Automatic Identification System,AIS)数据,借助GIS空间分析方法,对渤海海上船舶位置及密度、船舶速度等空间分布特征以及船舶流量日、月和季节变化的时间特征进行分析,得到以下结论:①渔业船舶多活动于近岸海域,呈团聚状分布;商业船舶多聚集在公共航道区,整体呈带状分布;货船数量占商业船舶总量的78.58%,主要为中型货船,客船与油轮以中小型船舶所占比重相对较大。②渤海船舶速度以中低速为主,尤其是渔业船舶;较高速度的船舶主要是大中型货船和客船。③渔业船舶活动时间和季节变化特征显著,秋季休渔期结束后以及白天工作时间段渔船活动较频繁;与渔业船舶相比,渤海商业船舶活动受季节变化和昼夜交替影响较小。分析发现,渤海交通流密度高,船舶会遇频繁,发生船舶碰撞以及重大污染事故的风险较大;东西向和南北向的海上交通与渔业捕捞作业船舶之间存在较大的海域空间利用冲突,需要引起足够的重视。自然环境与资源条件、沿岸社会经济发展与港口建设、海域管制等因素影响海上船舶时空分布。

In recent years,with the rapid development of marine transportation and port logistics and international trade,the traffic density and flow of ships at sea are increasing,which brings many challenges to the safety of maritime navigation and marine ecological environment.The application of Automatic Identification System(AIS)technology provides a good data source for maritime traffic management and marine spatial planning.Based on the AIS data of the Bohai Sea in 2018 with data quality control and sampling processing,this study analyzed the traffic characteristics of the Bohai Sea.By means of mathematical statistics and Geographic Information System(GIS)spatial analysis,the spatial distribution characteristics such as ship position and density,ship speed and the temporal characteristics of daily,monthly,and seasonal changes of ship flow in the Bohai Sea were analyzed in order to reveal the spatial-temporal variations of ship activities in the Bohai Sea.The influencing factors of the spatio-temporal distribution of maritime ship activities were also discussed.The results show that:1)Fishing ships were mostly located in the offshore area,which were agglomerated.Commercial ships were mostly gathered in the common area,which were distributed in belts.The number of cargo ships accounted for 78.58%of commercial ships and they were mainly medium-sized cargo ships,and passenger ships and oil tankers were mainly small and medium-sized ships.2)Speed of the ships was mainly medium and low,especially fishery ships.The ships with higher speed were mainly large and mediumsized freighters and passenger ships.3)The activity time and seasonal change characteristics of fishery ships were significant,and activities were more frequent after the end of the fishing moratorium and during the daytime.Compared with fishery ships,the activities of commercial ships in the Bohai Sea were less affected by seasonal changes and day and night alternation.It is found that the Bohai Sea traffic flow density was high,ships met frequently,and the risk of ship collision and major pollution accidents increased through the study period.There is a large conflict between the east-west and south-north marine traffic and fishing ships in the utilization of maritime space,and more attention needs to be paid to this conflict.Natural environmental and resource conditions,coastal socioeconomic development and port construction,regulation of the sea,and other factors affect the spatio-temporal distribution of marine ships.