临沂市区主要大气污染物的污染特征及其对居民健康的影响

Pollution characterization of major air pollutants and their impacts on resident health in Linyi City

大气污染是全球性的公共环境健康问题.本研究基于临沂市区2015年6种大气污染物(PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2、CO、O3)的逐日监测数据,分析了污染物的污染特征及其与气象因子的相关性,通过构建广义相加模型,模拟分析了单个污染物与居民呼吸、循环系统疾病门诊人次的暴露-反应关系.结果表明,PM2.5和PM10是临沂市区首要大气污染物,NO2和SO2次之,O3和CO浓度较低;除O3外,其它5种污染物之间呈显著正相关,与风速、温度、相对湿度3个气象因子呈负相关,浓度水平冬季高、夏季低;O3与温度呈显著正相关.对于呼吸系统疾病,单个污染物每增加10μg·m^-3(CO每增加0.1 mg·m^-3)的最大效应情况是:PM10、SO2、NO2、CO均在当天(lag0)使得门诊人次分别增加0.36%、1.77%、1.29%、0.69%,PM2.5和O3分别在累积滞后6 d(lag05)和单日滞后3 d(lag3)使得门诊人次分别增加0.6%和1.07%;对于循环系统疾病,单个污染物每增加10μg·m^-3(CO每增加0.1 mg·m^-3)的最大效应是:PM2.5、PM10均在累积滞后5 d(lag04)使得门诊人次分别增加0.72%、 0.80%, SO2、 NO2均在累积滞后6 d使得门诊人次分别增加3.55%、3.54%,CO和O3则分别在当天和单日滞后3 d使得门诊人次分别增加0.77%、1.39%.对于呼吸、循环系统疾病,PM2.5、PM10、CO、O3对男性的影响均大于女性,SO2则反之;NO2对男性呼吸系统和女性循环系统影响较大.大气污染物对少年(7~17岁)呼吸系统和对中年(41~65岁)循环系统影响较大.临沂市区6种大气污染物存在不同程度的污染,对居民呼吸、循环系统疾病均有不同程度的影响,且存在性别和年龄的差异.

Air pollution is a global public environmental health issue.Based on the daily monitoring data of six air pollutants(PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO, O3) in Linyi City in 2015, pollution characteristics of pollutants and their correlation with meteorological factors were analyzed,and a generalized additive model was constructed to simulate the exposure response relationship between single pollutant and the hospital visits for respiratory or circulatory diseases in this paper. PM2.5 and PM10 were the main air pollutants in Linyi City, followed by NO2 and SO2, and the concentrations of O3 and CO were relatively low. Except O3, there were significant positive correlations between the other five pollutants which were negative correlations with wind speed, temperature and relative humidity, and the concentrations of the five pollutants were higher in winter and lower in summer. O3 was positively correlated with temperature. For the respiratory diseases, the strongest effect of each 10 μg·m^-3 increase in single pollutant(0.1 mg·m^-3 increase in CO) was that PM10, SO2, NO2 and CO increased the number of outpatient visits by 0.36%, 1.77%, 1.29% and 0.69% respectively on the current day(lag0), while PM2.5 increased the number of outpatient visits by 0.6% on cumulative lag of 6 days(lag05) and O3 increased that by 1.07% on three days prior to hospital visit(Lag3). For circulatory system diseases,the strongest effect of each 10 μg·m^-3 increase in single pollutant(0.1 mg·m^-3 increase in CO) was that PM2.5 and PM10 increased the number of outpatient visits by 0.72% and 0.80% respectively at lag04, SO2 and NO2 increased the number of outpatient visits by 3.55% and 3.54% respectively at lag05, and CO and O3 increased the number of outpatient visist by 0.77% at lag0 and 1.39% at Lag3 respectively. For respiratory and circulatory diseases, PM2.5, PM10, CO and O3 had stronger influence on men than on women, while SO2 had weaker influence on men than on women. NO2 had stronger effects on men′s respiratory system and women′s circulatory system. Air pollutants had stronger effects on the respiratory system of adolescents(7~17 years old) and the circulatory system of middle age(41~65 years old),comparing with other age group. Six kinds of air pollutants had different degrees of pollution,which had different degrees of impacts on respiratory and circulatory diseases of residents with different gender and different age group in Linyi City.