《儒林外史》的语气副词“少不得”及“X不得”组合

The Mood Adverb"Shao Bu de"(少不得)and the Combination “X Bu de”(X不得)in The Scholars

《儒林外史》中的“少不得(的)”全为表肯定强调的语气副词,相较于书中众多的其他“X不得”结构而言,该词的语法化显得最为突出,最为彻底。语义方面,多表未然;既可表达[+肯定,+积极]意义,又可表达[+肯定,-积极]意义,这与其在语境上的无选择性息息相关。组合方面,存在与范围副词、时间副词共现的情况。语气副词"少不得"大约成词于元代,其语法化有句法位置改变和语义虚化的原因,也是主观化和语用推理的结果,体现了语法化的普遍规律。

The words "Shao Bu de"(少不得)in The Scholars were all mood adverbs expressing affirmative emphasis.Compared with other"X Bu de"(X 不得)combinations in the book, the grammaticalization of the word was the most prominent and thorough. On the semantical aspect, most of the"Shao Bu de"(少不得)in The Scholars expressed something that had not yet occurred. It could express [+affirmative, +positive] and [+affirmative,-positive], which was deeply related with its non-selective characteristic on the context. On the combinatorial aspect, the"Shao Bu de"(少不得)in The Scholars showed the condition of co-occurence with scope adverbs and time adverbs. The word"Shao Bu de"(少不得)as a modal adverb probably originated in Yuan Dynasty. The reasons that caused its grammaticalization were as follows: syntactic position change, semantic grammaticalization, subjectification and pragmatic inference. Its grammaticalization reflected the general rules in grammaticalization process.