中国进口贸易政策的演进:特征与启示

The Evolution of China’s Import Structure and Import Policy:Characteristics and Enlightenment

进口及其政策变化与一国经济发展阶段密切相关,每一阶段的进口都呈现不同的特征。中国进口政策沿革主要经历了进口替代、出口导向两大阶段,2018年以后逐渐转向进出口平衡的扩大对外开放阶段。中国进口阶段的转换反映了中国对外贸易模式的转变:从早期出口换取外汇进口消费品弥补国内产能不足到以鼓励出口、加入WTO后贸易便利化带动的出口规模扩张,在管制政策上,逐步放松管制,市场主体自由进口;政策工具上逐步取消关税以及配额、许可等限制。未来,中国进口政策应随着国内产业发展变化而变化,中国的进口侧结构性改革要在结合人类命运共同体建设的基础上,不断优化进口地域结构及进口产品结构,不断鼓励和扩大进口,促进进出口平衡。

Imports and policies changes are closely related to a country’s stage of economic development.Imports at each stage of economic development present different characteristics.The evolution of China’s import policy has mainly gone through two stages:import substitution and export orientation.After 2018,it will gradually shift to the stage of opening up to the outside world.The shift in China’s import stage reflects the shift in China’s foreign trade model.From early exports in exchange for imported foreign exchange consumer goods to make up for insufficient domestic production capacity to encourage export and the expansion of export scale driven by trade facilitation after joining the WTO,gradual deregulation of regulatory policies,free import by market entities,and gradual elimination of tariffs and quotas on policy instruments,licensing restrictions.In the future,China’s import policy should change with the development and changes of the domestic industry.China’s import-side reforms are based on the construction of a community of shared future for mankind,and continue to optimize the structure of the import region and the structure of imported products balance.